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TO THE 



NUMISMATIC COLLECTION 

OF THE MINT OF THE UNITED STATES 

AT PHILADELPHIA, PA. 



(SIGIL. THES. AMER. SEPTEN.) 



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WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1913 






Treasury Department, 

Document No. 2677. 
Director of the Mint. 



0, OF D, 
AUG 23 1913 






Treasury Department, 
Office of Director of the Mint, 

Washington, January 28, 1913. 
The honorable the Secretary of the Treasury. 

Sir: The need has long been felt of a small descriptive guide book 
which could be sold to visitors to the Numismatic Collection in the 
Philadelphia Mint. A year ago a complete catalogue of the collec- 
tion, a book of 600 pages, was published, which sells at $1, and public 
interest in it has justified the publication. This, however, does not 
fully satisfy the want. There are thousands of visitors annually who 
would be served and instructed by a small pamphlet that might be 
sold for much less than the price of the catalogue, and the usefulness 
of the collection would be greatly enhanced thereby. The copy for 
such a pamphlet has been prepared by the curator, Mr. T. L. Com- 
parette, and is now submitted with the recommendation that an 
edition be printed and offered for sale at the Mint and through the 
Superintendent of Documents at Washington. 
Respectfully, 

Geo. E. Roberts, 
Director of the Mint. 
Approved: 

Franklin MacVeagh, 

Secretary of the Treasury. 

(3) 




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CONTENTS. 



Page. 

General information concerning coinage of the United States. 7 

Brief history of coinage 8 

Antique coins: 

Greek 16 

Roman 20 

Mediaeval and modern Europe: 

British Isles 31 

France 34 

Italy 36 

Portugal 40 

Spain 41 

Germany — 

Princely houses and kingdoms 42 

Cities 50 

Archbishops and bishops 53 

Prussia 55 

German Empire 55 

Austrian archduchies 56 

Roman-German emperors 56 

Austria-Hungary 57 

Bohemia 57 

Hungary 58 

Scandinavian countries 59 

Netherlands 60 

Switzerland 61 

Russia 62 

Finland 63 

Poland 63 

Africa: 

Independent States 65 

European colonies 65 

North America : 

United States of America 66 

Canada 75 

Mexico 75 

Central America : 

Under Spain 79 

Costa Rica 79 

Guatemala 80 

Honduras 81 

Nicaragua 81 

Salvador 81 

British Honduras 81 

Panama. 81 

(5) 



6 

South America: Page. 

Spanish, viceroyalties 82 

Argentina .-'. 83 

Bolivia 84 

Chile 86 

Colombia 87 

Ecuador 88 

Paraguay 89 

Peru 89 

Uruguay 89 

Venezuela 91 

British Guiana 92 

French Guiana 92 

Brazil 92 

West Indies 95 

Oriental countries 99 

Medals 102 

Wall cases 104 

Wall paintings 104 

Appendix 105 



GENERAL INFORMATION CONCERNING COINAGE 
OF THE UNITED STATES. 

Mints of the United States. — An act of Congress of April 6, 1792, 
provided for a mint. David Rittenhouse, a well-known scientist 
and engineer, was made director and proceeded to build and equip 
one. This first mint building was erected on Seventh Street near 
Arch Street, Philadelphia, and so expeditiously was the construc- 
tion carried on that trial pieces of proposed coins were produced in 
November of that year. President Washington in a report to Con- 
gress refers to half-dismes (dimes) that had been struck. By 1829 
the Seventh Street mint had become inadequate and perhaps too 
simple a structure for the growing Nation, and a second mint building 
was erected on Penn Square, Juniper and Chestnut Streets. It was 
occupied in 1833, and for the times was an imposing marble structure 
of the Greco-Roman style of architecture. Six noble columns that 
adorned one of the facades of the building now stand at the entrance 
to the grounds of the Jewish Hospital on Old York Road. The pres- 
ent mint, a large granite building standing on Spring Garden Street 
between Sixteenth and Seventeenth Streets, was occupied in 1901. 

From time to time the convenience of gold and silver producing 
regions have necessitated the establishment of other mints at different 
cities and a much larger number of assay offices, of which there was 
but one, and that at the mint, in the earlier history of the coinage. 
Following are the mints of the country, the marks by which their 
respective coins are distinguished, and also the dates of organization 
and, in some cases, of their suspension: 

Philadelphia (no mint mark) 1792 

New Orleans (mint mark 0) 1838 

Suspended 1861 

Reopened 1879 

Coinage discontinued 1910 

Charlotte, N. C. (mintmarkC) 1838-1861 

Dahlonega, Ga. (mint mark D) 1838-1861 

(The last two coined gold only.) 

San Francisco (mint mark S) 1854 

Carson City, Nev. (mint mark CC) 1870-1893 

Denver, Colo, (mint mark D) 1906 

The assay offices receive gold bullion, determine its value, pay for 
it, and ship it to the mints. Their operations are similar to those of 
the mints, except that they do no coinage. The offices at New 
Orleans and Carson City were established as mints, but no longer do 

(7) 



8 



coinage. Following is a list of assay offices and date of acts under 
which they were established: 



New Orleans, La., March 3, 1835. 
New York City, March 3, 1853. 
Salt Lake City, Utah, May 30, 

1908. 
Seattle, Wash., May 21, 1898. 



Boise, Idaho, February 19, 1869. 
Carson City, Nev., March 3, 1863. 
Charlotte, N. C, March 3, 1835. 
Dead wood, S. Dak., February 19, 

1897. 
Helena, Mont., May 12, 1847. 

Coinage regulations. — Gold coinage is without restriction. The 
Government will buy all of the gold bullion tendered at the offices 
of the mint service and pay its coinage value. The subsidiary silver, 
nickel, and bronze coins are of limited legal tender, and are issued 
and redeemed at any office of the Treasury to meet the public 
demands. 

The question is often asked how the coinage of the mints gets into 
circulation. As all gold bullion is paid for at its full coinage value 
the act of purchase puts an equal amount of gold coin or gold certifi- 
cates into circulation. The small coins are issued in exchange for 
the larger denominations of money and usually reach the public 
through the banks, which order them to meet the wants of their 
customers. 

Seigniorage is the difference between the face value of a coin and 
the cost value of the metal it contains. The United States realizes a 
large sum each year in seigniorage upon the silver and minor coins, 
but nothing from the gold coins. Gold bullion, which requires treat- 
ment to fit it for coinage, is subject to charges sufficient to cover 
the necessary costs. Gold bullion is purchased at the rate of 
$20.671834625 per Troy ounce fine. 

The seigniorage realized by the Treasury upon silver and minor 
coins during the fiscal year ending June 30, 1912, was as follows: 

On the half-dollars, quarter-dollars, dimes $4, 567, 823. 96 

On the 5-cent and 1-cent pieces 1, 882, 057. 86 

Total 6,449,881.82 

Proof coins. — A proof coin is struck by hand on a hydraulic press. 
The price per set of gold proof coin is $38.50; the proof set of sub- 
sidiary silver and minor coin, $1.20; the proof set of minor coins, 15 
cents. 

Medals. — A list of medals sold at the mint, with prices, will be 
supplied upon request. Medals of the Presidents are sold at $1 
each. If ordered by mail return postage and registry fee should be 
added. 

No premiums. — The Government has never called in any of its 
coins at a premium. 

Paper money. — The paper currency is printed at the Bureau of 
Engraving and Printing, Washington, D. C. 

Catalogue. — A complete catalogue of the mint collection of coins 
and medals is sold at $1 per copy. 



9 
A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ORIGIN OF COINS. 

The invention of coins in the Occident took place not far from 700 
B. C. The somewhat untrustworthy Chinese chronology claims a 
much earlier date for the first use of coins in the Orient, and the 
claim may be correct; but as yet no such reliable data for the origin 
of oriental coinage has come to light as we have for the beginning of 
coinage in Asia Minor and at iEgina, in Europe, in both of which 
places literary tradition is fairly well corroborated by existing 
monuments. 

The coin was the result of a gradual evolution from (1) the 
unmarked lumps of gold and silver that were passed by weight in 
buying and selling, through (2) stamped ingots of varying size and 
weight and value, to (3) small ingots of uniform weight and similar 
shape, provided with the signet of a recognized responsible authority 
whether private or public. This last form of the ingot was ovoid, or 
bean shaped, and is recognized as the beginning of coined money. 
This development of the coin came about gradually in all the corn- 




Gold stater of Lydia/ time of Croesus, B. C. 568-554. 

mercial countries around the Mediterranean Sea, but tradition, in 
fact two rival traditions have given priority, the one to the electrum 
coinage of Lydia, the other to the silver coins issued at iEgina by 
Phsedon, King of Argos. The electrum, in which the Lydian coins 
were struck, was a natural mixture of gold and silver in proportions 
so varying that the value of the coins was always in doubt. For 
this reason countermarks are of frequent occurrence on extant 
specimens of the earliest coins, these countermarks being the private 
marks of well-known merchants or other business firms, who thus 
guaranteed the genuineness of the" piece. Herodotus tells us that 
"the Lydians were the first people to make gold and silver coin"; 
that is, coins of gold and silver separately; and this separation of 
the two metals may with reason be attributed to the financial genius 
of the famed Croesus, King of Lydia, B. C. 560-550, or to his ministers. 
Until about the time of the Persian wars (B. C. 490-479) coins 
had a type on but one side; on the other side of the piece were only 
the marks of the spike or the anvil on which the flan or blank was 
placed to^ strike it; soon after that period types are generally found 
on both sides. To our modern eyes, accustomed to a more conven- 
ient form of coins, the most striking feature of the ancient Greek 
coins is the artistic beauty of their types. The period of the greatest 
artistic excellence of Greek coin types extends from the time of 



10 

Pericles to Alexander the Great. The earlier types are mostly 
religious, and present the head of some deity; but civic types are 
numerous, presenting animals, plants, etc., which often symbolize 
the cities that issued the coins much as do modern seals and coats of 
arms. The first portrait to appear on coins was that of the deified 
Alexander the Great, on the coins of Lysimachus, King of Thrace 
(B.C. 323-281); while Ptolemy Soter, King of Egypt (B. C. 323- 
311), was the first monarch to place his own portrait on his coins. 

The practice of coining money soon spread over the civilized 
world — to Persia in the reign of Cyrus (B.C. 558-529); to Egypt long 
accustomed to the use of foreign coins, in the time of Alexander; to 
Judea, under the Maccabees (B.C. 138), where Persian coins, Egyp- 
tian, and various Greek moneys, in turn, had been in circulation 
since the Jews had learned the use of coins during the Babylonian 
captivity. 




A Decadrachm of Syracuse, about _B, C. 405. 

Keeping pace with the artistic development "of Greece the art of 
the coin engraver attained its highest degree toward the end of the 
fifth century, and until the reign of Alexander the Great, B. C. 
336-323, the coins of the hundreds of Greek communities possessed 
an artistic character never equaled at any other period of the world's 
history. In fact they were so superior to modern coins that even yet 
one occasionally hears an echo of the earlier belief that they were 
not coins designed for common circulation in the Greek cities, but 
artistic medals or gems unassociated with useful purposes. 

The earliest coinage metal of Italy was copper; the earliest coins 
of Italy date from about B. C. 338, and were so large that they only 
could be made by casting. The unit was the as which originally 
weighed a pound. Silver was first coined by the Romans in B. C. 
268; gold was first struck only as an emergency coinage by generals 
in the field, and did not enter into the regular coinage of the Repub- 
lic until the time of Julius Caesar; and brass, or orichalcum, a new 
composition of metals at that time, was introduced when Augustus 
reformed the coinage in B. C. 15. Throughout the Republic and 



11 



until the middle of the first century of the Empire Roman coins, as 
Greek coins had been before them, were without legal alloy, the gold 
and silver being as nearly pure as the faulty methods of refining then 
known made possible. Till the last the standard of the gold coins 
was maintained, but the debasement of Roman silver coins began in 
the reign of Nero, and in spite of two or three efforts at reform, dete- 
rioration went on until the end of the empire, the " silver" coins 
toward the last being only copper coins with a slight silver wash. 

The types of Roman coins were at first religious, and the series of 
early coppers presented the chief deities of the Roman Pantheon on 
the obverses, beginning with Janus on the as, which was the unit 
and the largest of the series; then following with the head of Jupiter 
on the Semis, etc.; while on the reverse throughout the series there 
was a ship's prow. Subsequently the types of the silver coins pre- 
sented only the head of the one deity, the goddess Roma, some per- 
sonification, or a mythical personage or hero, on the obverse; and 
on the reverse there was generally portrayed an historical event, 
one in which often some ancestor of the moneyer had figured promi- 





Carlovingian Deniers. About A. D. 875. 

nently. In many cases these historical types may represent the 
signets of the money ers. 

The coinage of western Europe, following the end of the Roman 
Empire, was almost exclusively in gold, the still extant silver and 
bronze coins of Rome supplying the needs of trade. The later 
Roman monetary system was retained throughout this period, and 
the types of these barbaric issues were strongly influenced by the 
Roman coins. 

The constructive reign of Charlemagne (A. D. 768-800-814) 
wrought a vast change in the monetary system of Europe. The 
coinage of gold ceased entirely, and only silver coins were provided 
for on a system of 24 denarii (pennies) to a solidus (shilling) and 20 
solidi to the pound (libra), or 240 deniers to a pound of silver. Only 
the denier and its half, the obole, were coined, the former being a 
piece approximately the size of a United States dime. The mone- 
tary system of Charlemagne was later adopted in England where it 
is still seen in the pound, shilling (solidus), and penny (denarius). 

The debasement of the denier soon began. For the policy of bestow- 
ing the right of coinage upon numerous vassal heads of petty States, 
upon ecclesiastics and cities, begun by the German emperors in the 
tenth century, soon spread to all Europe and resulted in the estab- 



12 

lishment of thousands of mints,. many of which proceeded to increase 
the profits from coinage by debasing the coins. In many mints the 
actual value of the denier, pfennige, or penny, or whatever name the 
piece went under in different countries, was reduced more than half 
its value; in France the debasement was even greater; while in parts 
of Germany in the twelfth century, under the urgent demand for 
money resulting from the Crusades, arose the easily struck bracteate, 
a coin as thin as paper and nearly as flimsy. The latter part of the 
twelfth century marks the nadir of the world's coinage. 




Gros Tournois of Louis IX, 1236-70. 
IMPROVEMENT OF THE WORLD'S COINAGE AND OF THE ART OF COINAGE. 

The beginning of coinage reform was made in France, where in 
the early part of the thirteenth century there was struck at the 
mint in the city of Tours, a good silver coin of the value of 12 deniers, 
which was the solidus or shilling of the system introduced by Charles 
the Great, and became known as the gros Tournois, from its large 
size and place of minting. A silver coin of similar value was soon 





Fiorino D'Oro of Florence. 

coined throughout Europe usually under the same name of the 
grossus, grosso, groschen, or groat. The types of this new coin varied 
in different countries, but on one side there was usually a cross. 

The return of gold coinage. — In the last years of the eighth century 
the coinage of gold ceased in western Europe, and whatever need of 
that metal there was during the Middle Ages in that portion of the 



13 



Continent and in the British Isles was supplied by the plentiful gold 
coinage of Byzantium. The gold besants circulated throughout the 
civilized world. Tentative efforts were made to reestablish the 
coinage of gold in the West, first in The Sicilies by the Norman 
duke, Roger II, who struck gold ducats in about A. D. 1050; and in 
the same country Frederick II (A. D. 1194-1250) issued a gold 
Augustale after the model of the Roman Aureus. But the real return 
of gold coinage in this part of Europe occurred at Florence. This 
city had become the center of extensive industries, had a large for- 
eign commerce, and great banking institutions made it also the 
financial center of Europe . Such a development made a large supply 
of gold coin imperative, and in A. D. 1252 Florence issued the gold 
florin bearing on the obverse the standing figure of St. John the Bap- 
tist and on the other side the Florentine lily. The new coin was 
attractive in appearance and began at once to supplant everywhere 
the eastern besant and then to be imitated at nearly all the leading 
mints of Europe. Only a little less famous was the gold piece struck 
in Venice in A. D. 1284, and known as a ducat from the last word of 
the motto it bore: sit tibi, Christe, datus quern tu regis, iste ducatus, 
and as a zecchino (sequin) from la zecca the name of the building in 
which the mint was located. The types of this Venetian piece were 
a standing figure of the Christ in an oval of stars, and a kneeling doge 
receiving a standard from St. Mark. 




Silver Guldengroschen, 1486. The " First Dollar." 

The first coinage of the dollar. — The first large silver coin of the size 
that afterwards became generally known as the dollar, thaler, tollero, 
etc., was struck in the Tyrol by the Archduke Sigismund of Austria. 
The coin bears the date 1486, and though generally regarded now as 
the first dollar, yet in 1484 a thick piece of smaller diameter and also 
a halbthaler were issued from the same mint. The types of the large 
piece of I486 were a standing figure of the archduke, with the arms 
of Austria and a helmet in the field, and on the reverse a knight in 
full armor galloping right. These large silver coins when first issued 



14 



in the Tyrol were called guldengroschen, from groschen, because that 
was the name of the largest silver coin then known, and gulden, 
because the hew silver coin had the same value as the current gold 
gulden. 




Joachimsthaler, 1519. 



Silver coins without date and of about the size of the dollar 
struck by Counts Schlick at Joachimsthal, Bohemia, were formerly 
regarded as the first issue of this denomination, but these were not 
struck until 1519. From the issues of this latter mint, however, the 
name of the piece was derived, for the silver coins struck at 
Joachimsthal were of slightly less value than those issued in the 
Tyrol, and for the sake of distinction they came to be designated 
by the mint place — that is, joachimsthaler pieces — which was popu- 
larly shortened to thaler when similar issues at various other mints 
had made the coin common. 

In Italy the transition from the grosso (groschen or gros) to the 
taller o (dollar), later scudo, was formed by a coin of intermediate size 
called a testone, first issued toward the end of the fifteenth century. 
The value of the testone was somewhat less than half a dollar. The 
name of the piece was derived from the fact that it bore a portrait 
bust or head, testa, of the prince who issued it. The term testoon 
was afterwards applied to any coin bearing a portrait head; and tes- 
toons were struck in various countries, but they had no uniform value ; 
in England it was a shilling piece. 

About the time the large silver dollar was coming into general 
favor, in the early part of the sixteenth century, in answer to the 
demands of increased industries and commerce for a more valuable 
medium of exchange, there was an increase also in the size and value 
of the gold coins. The larger gold coins, the multiples of the ducat, 
originated in Portugal, where the 10-ducat gold piece appeared about 
A. D. 1521, a denomination that was soon adopted in other countries 
and became known as the Portugaloser from the country of origin. 

From the foregoing sketch the interesting observation can be read- 
ily made that the various denominations forming the series of mod- 



15 

3rn coins have a historical origin, the smaller coming first, and are 
)nly apparently derived from the multiples or divisions of a fixed 
mit. Thus, in our own silver series, the dime is a descendant of the 
ienier of the system of Charlemagne (A. D. 800); the quarter corre- 
sponds approximately to the gros, or shilling, first issued at Tours, 
France, in the early part of the thirteenth century; the half-dollar 
ls somewhat larger than the Italian testone, to which it most nearly 
ipproximates, whose origin is about simultaneous with that of the 
iollar in the latter part of the fifteenth century. Among all peo- 
ples there is a strong tendency to be markedly conservative toward 
popular institutions; and this natural bent of mankind manifests 
Ltself strongly in the case of money by the universal tendency^ to 
preserve the coin denominations and the systems of coinage which 
aave once proved to be adapted to popular convenience. 

Metals used for coins. — A very large number of metals, and other 
materials as well, have been used for coins. Thus coins have been 
made of electrum, gold, silver, iron, copper, bronze, potin, leather, 
wood, platinum, nickel, and aluminum. 

Processes of coining. — Greek and Roman coins were all struck with 
the hammer, the lower die being at first inserted in an anvil, the 
ipper held upon the blank with a pair of tongs, while a second 
workman struck the die with a sledge hammer. No collars were 
lsed, and since the metal did not always spread evenly Greek and 
Roman coins are frequently not round. • It is probable that the 
larger coins were struck when glowing hot. The early large Roman 
:opper coins were cast. Although the Romans, and later the Ger- 
mans and French, invented simple devices to hold the coin in place 
till repeated blows could be given when the first stroke of the ham- 
mer had failed to produce perfect results, yet the process remained 
substantially the same until the early part of the seventeenth cen- 
tury. The coin blanks were cast in ancient times; in the medieval 
period they were cut out of drawn strips by means of shears or other 
:utting tool. _ Early in the seventeenth century Nicolas Briot, at 
the French mint, invented the mill and screw — a machine (mill) for 
punching out the blanks and a screw for striking the coins. The 
?oins made by the new process were most readily detected by their 
more perfect edges, whence arose the expression "milled edge," 
now erroneously applied to a reeded edge. The efficient modern 
power press is a development of the last century. 
°— 13 2 



GUIDE TO THE COLLECTION. 

The coins referred to in the Guide will be found in the small 
maroon pasteboard trays, and other pieces of special interest will be 
found in black trays. 

ANTIQUE COINS. 



A. GREEK COINS. 

[Section 1.] 

The earliest Greek coins were struck in electrum (Miletus No. 200; lower case), a 
natural composition of gold and silver; subsequently coins were struck in the two 
metals separately, and in the latter part of the fifth century the coinage of bronze 
was introduced in Greece. 

The types of Greek coins are, for the most part, of a religious character, and the 
most usual is a representation of the head ofj a deity or some well-known symbol 
of a god or goddess. Where local myths or products are represented on the coin 
types, they are generally to be connected with the patron divinity of the place. Not 
until after the death of Alexander the Great does one find on Greek coins the portrait 
of a human being. See page 18. 

The denominations of Greek coins are simply the names of the weights of the coins, 
as is the case with many modern coins. The unit of gold coins was the stater, a weight 
of 2 drachms, or 135 grains; the unit of the silver coins was the drachm, derived from 
the weight of that name, which was 67J grains. The following lists show the princi- 
pal denominations, and also that in the divisional silver coins two secondary units 
were recognized: 



Denominations. 


Weight. 


Denominations. 


Weight. 


GOLD. 

Tetrastater (or octo- 

drachm). 
Distater (or tetradrachm). . 
Stater (or didrachm) 


4 staters. 1 

2 staters. 
1 stater. 
\ stater. 
\ stater. 
i stater. 

10 drachms. 2 
8 drachms. 


silver — continued. 
Tetradrachm 


4 draoTims, 


Didrachm (stater) 

Drachm 


2 drachms. 
1 drachm. 


Tetrobol 


4 obols. 3 


Hemistater (or drachm) — 
Trite (or tetrobol) 


Triobol 


3 obols. 


Diobol 


2 obols. 


Hecte (or diobol) 


Trihemiobol 


1| obols. 




Obol 


1 obol. 


SILVER. 


Hemiobol 


\ obol. 
\ obol. 




Tetartemorion 


Decadrachm 


Trihemitartemorion 


f obol. 


Octodrachm 









Gold stater=20 silver drachms. 
1 1 stater=135 grains. 2 1 drachm=67| grains. 



*1 obol= 11! grains. 



The earliest Greek coins bore types on only one side, the other side having at first 
simply the marks made by the roughened surface of the anvil which held the blank 
in place while being struck with the die; a little later three or more projections took 
the place of the merely rough spot on the anvil and the coins were marked on the 
lower side by rather deep depressions or incuses, which were sometimes arranged so 
as to form a square, which is commonly known as an incuse square. For examples, 
see: 

(16) 



17 

200. Electrum, Hemistater, of Miletus (B. C. 700-494)- Obv. 
Fore part of lion. Rev. Triple incuse impression. 

203. El. Hecte, of Phocaea (B. 0. 650-560). Obv. Head of 
Pallas. Rev. Incuse square. 

149. AR. Stater, Corinth (B. C. 600-500). Obv. Pegasus. Rev. 
Incuse square. 

Subsequently a type was placed in the incuse square, small at first, but finally 
extended to the entire surface. See : 

204a. AR. Drachm, Cnidus. Obv. Forepart of lion. Rev. Head 
of Aphrodite in incuse square. 

Nearly all Greek coin types are of a sacred character, a fact which may be due to 
origin in the temples of the various divinities, where often great store of the precious 
metals had accumulated. At first the types present animals and other objects em- 
blematical of the divinities, later representations of the head or full form of the di- 
vinity. For examples, see: 



51. AR. Tetradrachm, of Philip II (B. C. 359-386), of Macedon. 
Obv. Head of Zeus. Rev, £oy rider, crowning the horse. 

223. AR. Tetradrachm, of Seleucus I (B. C. 312-280), of Syria. 
Obv. Head of Zeus. Rev. Pallas in quadriga. 

59. AR. Tetradrachm, of Alexander the Great. Obv. As No. 58. 
Rev. Zeus seated on throne, holding eagle in right hand, scepter in 
left. 

HERA. 

171a. AR. Drajchm, of Elis. Head of Hera. 

HERACLES. 

58. AR. Tetradrachm, of Alexander the Great (B. C. 336-323). 
Obv. Head of Heracles in lion's skin. Rev. As No. 59; see preceding 
description. 

222. AR. Tetradrachm, of Mazaeus, Satrap of Tarsus (B. C. 
362-328); struck at Tarsus. Obv. Baaltars enthroned. Baaltars 
corresponded to Heracles. Rev. Lion walking. 

Of all the divinities Apollo and Pallas are the most frequently represented on the 
coins, their worship being most widely spread and the most popular. For examples 
see: 

APOLLO. 

15. AR. Stater, of Croton (B. C. 550-480). Obv. Tripod, a 
symbol of Apollo. Rev. The same, incuse. 

50. AV. Stater, of Philip II (B. C. 359-336). Obv. Head of 
Apollo. Rev. Biga. 

204a. AR. Drachm, of Mausolus, Satrap of Caria (B. C. 377-353). 
Facing head of Apollo. Rev. Zens standing. 

230. AR. Tetradrachm, of Seleucus IV, king of Syria (B. C. 
187-185). Apollo seated on omphalos. 



18 



57. AV. Distater, of Alexander the Great. Obv. Head of Pallas, 
with Corinthian helmet. Rev. Victory with trophy and laurel 
branch. 

130. AR. Tetradrachm, of Athens (B. 0. 594-527). Obv. Head 
of Pallas Athena, an early crude work. Rev. Owl in incuse square. 

137. AR. Tetradrachm of later date and finer art. 

143. AR. Tetradrachm (B. C. 220-196). Obv. Head of Athena 
Parthenos wearing helmet with triple crest. Rev. Owl standing 
upon an overturned amphora. The head of Athena on this series of 
Athenian coins is almost certainly copied from the statue of Phidias 
in the Parthenon. 

150. AR. Stater, of Corinth. Obv. Pegasus. Rev. Head of 
Pallas. 

219.' AR. Tetradrachm, of Side (B. 0. 190-36). Obv. Head of 
Pallas with Corinthian helmet. Rev. Nike standing, holding a 
wreath. 

ARTEMIS. 

1. AR. Drachm, Massilia (B. C. 350). Obv. Head of Artemis. 
Rev. Lion. 

83. AR. Tetradrachm, of Macedon, after conquest by Rome 
(B. C. 158-146). Obv. Bust of Artemis on Macedonian shield. 
Rev. Club within an oak wreath. 

Struck for the First Region, the country being divided into four 
Regiones. 

POSEIDON. 

76b. AR. Tetradrachm, of Demetrius Poliorcetes (B. C. 306-283). 
Obv. Head of Demetrius. Rew. Poseidon with right foot resting 
on rock, supporting trident with left hand. 

Practically all the divinities of Greece were represented on the coins, and not 
only the chief divinities but the lesser as well, and also including many a hero of 
Greek mythology. In addition to the above partial list may be mentioned: Dio- 
nysius, No. 91; Helios, 209; Pan, 78; also, Medusa, 44; a Silenos, 46 and 90; a Bac- 
chante, 85, 126; and Europa, 179. 

PORTRAITS ON GREEK COINS. 

While the Greek states were free and independent, no coin type presented the 
likeness of a human being; the divinities most worshipped in the several city states 
were celebrated on the coins. The head of young Heracles on the silver coins of 
Alexander the Great has often been thought to present the features of the great 
Macedonian conqueror, and that may be true; but the earliest assured portrait on 
Greek coins is that of Alexander on the coins of one of his successor, Lysimachus, 
king of Thrace (B. C. 323-281). Thereafter portraits of the kings are usual on the 
coins, and they are faithful, often artistically powerful, representations. For example 
see: 

99. AV. Stater, of Lysimachus, king of Thrace. Obv. Head of 
Alexander the Great. Rev. Pallas seated, bearing Nike (Victory) 
in extended right hand. 

87. AR. Tetradrachm, of Roman Province of Macedon. After 
B. C. 146. Ojv. Head of Alexander the Great. Rev. Insignia 
of a Roman Quaestor. 



19 

41. AR. 16 Litrae, of Philistis, wife of Hieron of Syracuse (B. C. 
275-216). Obv. Veiled head of the queen. Rev. Quadriga. 

See also the Seleucid kings of Syria, No. 227 and following; the Parthian kings, No. 
276 and following; and the kings of Bactria, who are known almost solely from their 
coins. 

322a. AV. Octodrachm, of Ptolemy II (B. C. 285-247). Obv. 
Heads of Philadelphus and Arsinoe II. Rev. Heads of Soter and 
Berenice I. 

323. AV. Octodrachm, of Arsinoe II, Obv. Head of the queen. 
Rev. Double cornucopiae. 

COINS OF HISTORICAL INTEREST. 

While the artistic quality of the Greek coins has never been equaled in subsequent 
coinages, yet the historical interest of the Greek series is hardly second to any. A 
few examples will illustrate the historical value of these early coinages: 

SYRACUSE. 

40a. Silver Stater with the well-known types of the Corinthian 
silver coins; issued by Timoleon of Corinth, who was summoned by 
the people of Syracuse to free them from their tyrants. 

MACEDON. 

76a. A Tetradrachm struck by Demetrius Poliorcetes with types 
commemorating the naval victory gained by him over Ptolemy off 
Cyprus in B. C. 306. The Victory on the prow represents the 
famous Victory of Samothrace now in the Louvre. 

Nos. 76b and 76c, with the splendid standing figure of Poseidon, 
commemorate the same victory. 

50 and 51. Gold Stater and silver Tetradrachm of Philip II. 
The gold coins of Philip were the first important gold coinage in 
Europe. The two-horse chariot on the gold piece and the rider on 
the silver piece commemorate victories of the King's horses in the 
Olympian Games. 

Nos. 319 and 321 illustrate the transition from the world empire of 
Alexander the Great to the several kingdoms that were built upon 
the ruins of that empire. The Alexander type — head of Heracles 
in lion's skin — is on the obverse of No. 319, on the reverse Athena 
and the signet of Ptolemy, Alexander's governor of Egypt; the 
name, too, of Alexander is on the coin. No. 321 has the head of 
Ptolemy; and the signet of the former coin, an eagle on thunderbolt, 
has become the full type; and the coin bears the name of "Ptolemy 
King." 

JUDAEA. 

266. Silver Shekel of Judaea, issued by the high priest, Simon 
Maccabaeus (B. C. 139-135). Obv. "Sheke of Israel" a chalice; 
above, "year 2." Rev. " Jerusalem the Holy" lily with three 
flowers. 

This was the first coinage by the Jews, the shekel of gold or of silver mentioned 
in the earlier scriptures having reference to a weight of metal, and not to coins; yet 
foreign coins, as the Persian gold Daric (No. 298), often were used for payment, but 
were passed by weight and not by tale. 



20 



B. ITALY. 

1. Central Italy. 



[Section 2.J 



Nos. 1 to 5 are heavy bionze coins issued in Central Italy, but 
since they bear no inscriptions the exact places ot origin are only 
conjectural. 

No. 1. Triens. Thunderbolt and marks of value: o o o o i. e., 
four unciae. Rev. Dolphin, and marks of value. The Triens 
was equal to J of the as 3 which was the unit. 

2. Rome. tn ^ mm 

[Section 2.1 

Rome began to coin money about B.C. 338, soon after the conquest of Antium, 
and the naval victory m that war may be commemorated by the prow on all denomina- 
tions of the early bronze coins. Before that time the Romans had used foreign gold 
and silver money, and shapeless lumps of bronze, which of course were passed by 
weight. The earliest coinage was of bronze only, and the denominations were 
the as, which weighed a pound (Oscan) of 12 ounces (uncia) and its subdivisions, 
which are given in the table below. In the newly conquered Campania a mint, 
was established at Capua for the coinage of silver and bronze. A little later the 
Capuan mint undertook an experiment with a bronze coinage of high denomina- 
tion and abnormal form, issuing pieces of the value of six asses in the shape of oblong 
quadrilateral bars. These were not necessity pieces like the enormous Swedish 
cower plate money of more recent times, but rather a case of bad judgment regarding 
the requirements of a circulating medium. 

In B. C. 268 silver was first coined in the mint at Rome; and in B. C. 49, during 
the civil war, the first gold was coined at Rome by Julius Caesar. Before that time 
gold only had been used for military comages by generals in the field to meet the 
expenses of their campaigns. In fact Caesar's enormous gold coinage in the year 
49 was in the nature of a military comage, but its ultimate effect was to establish 
gold in the regular civil coinage of the country. The last important metal to be 
introduced into the Roman coinage was brass, the orichalcum of the ancients. It 
was first used in the military coinage of the provinces and introduced into the State 
coinage in B. C. 15. The large imperial sestertius and dupondius were struck in this 
metal. 

The coinage of the republic was under the direction of the senate exercised regularly 
through the official Tresviri monetales, briefly designated IIIVIRI. A. A. A. F. F., 
i, e. f Triumviri auro argento aere flando feriundo, or Triumvirs in charge of refining 
and striking gold, silver, and bronze. But other officials also struck coins, chiefly by 
special autnority of the senate, as the aediles, consuls, censors, praetors, and dictators. 

Denominations— Many changes took place in the monetary system of Rome 
between its inception in B. C. 338 and the reform introduced by Augustus in B. C. 
15. These changes were due to repeated reductions in the size and value of the bronze 
coins and to the introduction of a silver comage in B. C. 2G8 with the consequent 
adjustments and readjustments of the relative values between bronze and silver. 
Tne following tables show the most important systems in use at different periods 
of the republic: 

B. C. 268 to 217— Continued. 

Bronze: 

All the denominations of the previous 
period were continued, though 
greatly reduced in size and value, 
and, in addition, large 2, 3, and 10 
as pieces were issued, and also 
half and quarter uncia pieces. 
The silver and smaller bronze 
were struck. 



B. C. 338 to 269. 

AS (unit)= 12 unciae (ounces) or i pound. 

Semis (hall)= 6 unciae. 

Quadrans (quarter)= 4 unciae. 

Triens (third)=3 unciae. 

Sextans (sixth)=2 uncise. 

Uncia=l uncia. 

For types and marks of value see 
below. 

B. C. 268 to 217. 
Silver: 

Denarius= 10 asses. 
Quinanus= 5 asses, 
Sestertius=2| asses, 



B. C. 217 to 15. 



Denarius= 16 asses. 
Victoriatus= 12 asses. 
Quinarius=8 asses. 
Sestertius= 4 asses. 



21 

The denominations of the bronze coins remain the same as in the previous period, 
but not all the denominations of either metal were struck throughout this period. 
Thus the victoriatus was struck from B. C. 229 to 172 when it was discontinued; the 
issue of the quinarius was suspended from about 217 to 102, when the issue -was 
resumed; and the sestertius was not struck from 217 to 88 B. C. when it was issued 
again in small quantities for about three years. The gold coin, nummus aureus, 
struck first in B. C. 49, was equivalent to 100 sesterces or 25 denarii. 

Types. — The reverses of all the six denominations of the original bronze coinage 
bear a prow, a type that may allude to the capture or Antium, for the beaks (rostra) 
of the Antiate warships were brought to Rome in B. C. 338 and used to ornament 
the speakers' platform in the forum. About that same year the coinage was estab- 
lished. 

Heads of divinities are found on the obverses; thus the head of Janus, the god of 
beginnings, is always on the as, the unit of the coinage; the semis (mark of value, S) 
bears the head of Jupiter; the triens ( o o o o ), head of Minerva; quadrans ( o o o ) 
Hercules; sextans ( o o ), Mercury; and uncia ( o ), Roma. The silver coins had at 
first the head of Roma on obverse and on reverse the Dioscuri on horseback. In the 
early part of the second century B. C. the monotony of the old t)ioscuri type was 
broken by the introduction of Victory or Diana in a biga on some of the issues; and soon 
thereafter other divinities, as Juno, Mars, and Apollo, in the biga or the quadriga, 
appeared. In the early part of the second century the moneyers were accorded the 
right, or were required, to place their names on the coins; and in the latter part of 
the same century the moneyers received the right to select the types for their respective 
issues, and the types, more particularly the reverses, from that time on frequently 
represent historical events with which ancestors of the moneyer had to do. Later, 
contemporary events are represented. 

Romano-Campanian Coins. 

1. AR. Didrachm. Bearded and helmeted head of Mars to left. 
Rev. Horse's head r.; on truncation, label inscribed ROMANO. 

3. AR. Didrachm. Head of Roma r., wearing Phrygian helmet. 
Rev. Victory naked to hips, standing and attaching wreath to 
palm branch; behind, ROMANO. 

5. AR. Didrachm. Beardless head of Janus. Rev. Jupiter in 
quadriga driven by Victory, hurling thunderbolt; below, ROMA 
(incuse). 

6. AR. Drachm. Similar types to 5. 

The Mint at Rome. 

bronze coins only. 

B. C. 338 to 269. 

1. AE. As. Head of Janus. Rev. On a raised disc, a prow to 
right; above, mark of value, I. 

SILVER AND BRONZE COINAGE. 

B. C. 268 to 217. 

7. AR. Denarius. Head of Roma, wearing winged helmet; 
behind, mark of value X (=10 asses). Rev. The Dioscuri on horse- 
back; below, ROMA on tablet. 

8. AR. Sestertius. Types similar to preceding, but mark of 
value, IIS (=2| asses). 

9 and 138. AE. Uncia and Semuncia, respectively. 



22 

B. C. 217 to 172. 

18. AR. Victoriatus. Head of Jupiter to right, laureate. Rev. 
Victory standing to right, placing wreath on a trophy. 

B. C. 172 to 151. 

19. AR. Denarius. Head of Roma to right, wearing helmet. 
Rev. Victory naked to the hips in biga; below, name of moneyer, 
SAFRA(SpuriusAfra). 

B. C. 150 to 125. 

29. AR. Denarius. Head of Roma. Rev. The Dioscuri: moneyer, 
P. PAETVS. 

Nos. 30, 35, and 39 are the earliest examples of types that 
celebrate events in the history of the moneyer 's family. Such 
types became common later. 

30. Ditto. Head of Roma. Rev. Juno Caprotina in biga of 

foats; moneyer, C. RENius. The family of Renius came from 
ianuvium, where Juno Caprotina was specially worshiped. 

32. Ditto. Head of Roma; behind, XVI (=16 asses). Rev. Vic- 
tory in fast cjuadriga. Moneyer, C. VAL. C. F. — FLAC, Caius 
Valerius, Caii filius, Flaccus. This is the earliest known instance 
of the mark of value XVI instead of X on the denarius. Its value 
was changed in B. C. 217. 

35. Ditto. Head of Roma. Rev. The royal shepherd Faustulus 
discovering the wolf suckling the twins, Romulus and Remus. 
Moneyer, Sextus Pompeius Fostlus, who claimed descent from the 
ancient shepherd. 

39. Ditto. Head of Roma; behind, ROMA. Rev. Ionic column 
surmounted by statue of L. Minucius Augurinus; at sides togated 
figures; moneyer, C. AVG (urinus). The reverse type of No. 39 
probably represents the monument erected in honor of that ancestor 
of the moneyer, who during the famine in B. C. 439 managed, as 
prefect of the grain market, to reduce the price of wheat. 

B. C. 102 to 92. 

53. AR. Quinarius. Head of Jupiter, laureate, to right. Rev. 
Victory standing to right, placing wreath on a trophy, supported by 
a seated captive, behind whom is a Gaulish trumpet; in exergue, 
Q(uinarius). The coinage of the Quinarius, suspended in B. C. 217, 
was revived in B. C. 101, with types similar to those of the earlier 
Victoriatus. 

55. AR. Denarius. Bearded head of Saturn r.; around, PISO. 
CAEPIO. Q (Quaestores). Rev. Caepio and Piso, the quaestors, 
seated upon a subsellium, official seat; at each end, head of wheat. 
In exergue, AD. FRV. EMV. EX. S. C. i. e. " (Struck) by decree 
of the senate for the purchase of grain." 

A special coinage authorized to purchase wheat that should be sold 
to the people at 5/6 of an as per modius. 



23 

63. Ditto. Serrated edge — a practice probably borrowed from 
Carthage; reason for it unexplained. 

B. C. 91 to 89. 

These coins were struck during the Social War, and some of them were special issues 
from metal taken from the reserve bullion in the national treasury, aerarium, as for 
examples: 

75. AR. Denarius. Behind head of Roma, PV (=publice), and 
76 ARG. PVB. (argento publico), i. e. "out of state silver funds." 

Such special issues were of frequent occurrence down to the outbreak of the Civil 
War; thus issues by decree of the senate— EX S(enatus) C(onsulto), or simply S. C— 
are found for the years B. C. 87-84, 82-79, 76-74, 72, and 69-62, and often by others 
than the regular moneyers as the Curule Aediles in B. C. 86, 84, and 69. 

B. C. 78. 

Special coinage of denarii for the various games issued by the 
money er, Marcus Volteius, M. VOLTEI. M(arci). F(ilius). 

119. Roman games (ludi Romani) Head of Jupiter. Rev. Doric 
temple of Jupiter Capitolinus. 

120. Plebeian games (ludi Plebeii) Head of Hercules with lion's 
skin tied beneath chin. 

121. Cerealian games (ludi Cereales) in honor of Ceres, Liber, and 
Libera. Head of Liber (Bacchus), crowned with ivy. Rev. Ceres 
in chariot drawn by two serpents. 

b. c. 7i. 

135. AR. Denarius. Head of god of Good Fortune to right; 
before, BON(us). EVENT(us); behind, LIBO, i. e., the moneyer, 
Lucius Scribonius Libo. Rev. A well-head, ornamented with coin- 
ers' anvil; above, PVTEAL.; below, SCRIBON. (Puteal Scriboni- 
anum). 

B. C. 59. 

145. AR. Denarius. LIBERTAS. # Head of goddess of liberty. 
Rev . B RVT VS . The consul, Lucius Junius Brutus, walking between 
two lictors, and preceded by an accensus. This was the Brutus who 
banished the kings from Rome, B. C. 509. _ The moneyer, Marcus 
Junius Brutus, was one of the assassins of Julius Caesar. 

B. C. 58. 

148. AR. Denarius. M. SCAVR(us). King Aretas kneeling be- 
side his camel and extending olive-branch to his conqueror, Scaurus; 
in field, EX S. C. AED. CVR(ulis). Rev. Jupiter in quadriga 1.; 
above and below, P. HYPSAEVS AED(ilis) CVR(ulis), C. HYP- 
SAE(us) COS. PREIVER(num) CAPT(um). 

Special issues to defray expenses of games given by Scaurus as 
aedile in 58, and the first Roman coin types referring to events in 
the life of the moneyer. 



24 

B. C. 49 to 44 (the Civil War and ascendency of Caesar.) 

161. AR. Denarius. Head of Mars. Rev. Two Gallic trumpets, 
crossed; in angles, two shields, and the name of the moneyer, 
ALBINVS BRVTI. F. The Gallic trumpets on this coin refer to 
Caesar's campaigns in Gaul. The moneyer is Decimus Junius 
Brutus, later pne of Caesar's assassins. 

166. Denarius. Head of Vercingetorix, the Gaulish chief con- 
quered by Caesar. Rev. Naked warrior in fast biga; moneyer, L. 
HOSTILIVS. SASERN(a). 

168. Denarius. Head of Pietas r. wearing wreath of oak-leaves; 
behind, LII(=52, Caesar's age). Rev. Trophy of Gallic arms; in 
field, ax, and CAE-SAR. Struck in Rome immediately after Cae- 
sar's arrival there following flight of Pompey. 

The Triumph of Caesar in B. C. 46. 

171. Denarius. Head of Triumphus; below, TRIVMPVS. 

172. Ditto. Rev. Hercules Triumphalis walking to right. 

B. C. 45. 

176. Ditto. Head of Juno Moneta; behind, MONETA. Rev. 
Coining implements: anvil, hammer, and tcngs; above, coining die 
(or cap of Vulcan?). 

B. C. 44 — Caesar, Perpetual Dictator. 

180. Ditto. Laureate head of Julius Caesar; around, CAESAR — 
DICT(ator). PERPETVO. Rev. Venus standing, holding a Vic- 
tory on right hand and leaning with 1. on scepter. 

B. C. 43 — Peace under First Triumvirate. 

184. Ditto. Head of Julius Caesar, laureate, to right. Rev. Pax 
(Peace), holding caduceus and leaning on scepter; moneyer, 
L. FLAMINIVS IIII.VIR. 

B. C. 36 — Beginnings of the Empire. 

196. Ditto. Head of Pax. Rev. CAESAR DIVI F(ilius). Octa- 
vius in military dress advancing to left. 

B. C. 29-27 — Triumph at Rome; Title of Imperator. 

198. Ditto. Victory standing on a prow. Rev. IMP(erator) 
CAESAR. Octavius in triumphal car, drawn by four horses. 

199. Ditto. Head of Octavius to right. ^Rev. Triumphal arch, 
surmounted by a quadriga bearing Octavius; on frieze of arch, 
IMP. CAESAR. 



25 

Coinage of Italy, Outside of Rome. 

When Rome introduced a silver coinage in B. C. 268, and at the same time reformed 
the bronze coinage and made it more suitable for commercial purposes, the numer- 
ous local mints in southern Italy with few exceptions were closed. Thus it fell to - 
the Roman mint to provide all the silver and nearly all the bronze money for the 
entire country, a burden that soon proved too great, especially in times requiring 
large supplies of money, as during the two Punic Wars and the Social War, so that local 
or really branch mints were established in various south Italian cities. These mints 
supplied chiefly the money needed in the military operations attending the extension 
of the Roman sway over the States of Italy. Another military coinage in Italy was 
more closely associated with operations of the army, being considerable during the 
Second Punic War and very extensive during the Social War. At the close of the 
Social War (B. C. 92-89) all the local mints throughout Italy were closed. 

This Italian coinage was always closely related to that of the mint at Rome. The 
head of Roma is found on the Denarius until the period of the Social War, when it is 
almost supplanted by heads and busts of numerous gods and goddesses, as well as 
of historical personages. 

Coinage of the Allies During the Social War, B. C. 91-88. 

In 91 B. C. the various States of Italy formed a confederation and undertook to 
set up an independent government in which all burgesses should have all the rights 
of citizens, rights which had been denied them by Rome and for which the revolt 
was organized. The capital of the confederation was established at the city of Cor- 
finium, whose name was changed to Italia. During the three years* struggle between 
the revolting States and Rome there were several issues of denarii, chiefly military, 
but probably also from a State mint at Italia and also from a number of local city 
mints. These coins were struck on the same standard as the Roman, and the 
legends are in Latin and Oscan. 

249. AR. Obv. Laureated head of Italia (the city) to left; be- 
hind, ITALIA (in Oscan) (reading downward and retrograde. 
Rev. A warrior standing, his right hand resting on a spear with 
point downwards on ground; he looks to right toward a recumbent 
bull; in exergue, letter >(C). 

Military Coinages in the Provinces. 

A. SICILY. 

During the Civil War (B. C. 49 to 36) there were several issues of military coinages 
in Sicily by commanders of both factions in turns, but chiefly by Sextus Pompey. 

255. AR. Denarius. Head of Pompey the Great; in front, 
trident; below, NEPTUNI ("Son of Neptune," a title of Sextus 
Pompey). Rev. Galley moving to left; below, Q. NASIDIVS, a 
naval commander of the Pompeian party. 

B. SPAIN. 

Military coinages in Spain were struck during the war with Sertorius, B. C. 82-72; 
and during the civil wars of B. C. 49 and B.C. 46-44. 

(a) TheSertorian War (B. C. 82-72). 

257. Denarius. Bust of Anna Perenna to right; around, C. ANNI. 
T(iti). F(ilius). T. N(erjos). PRO. COS. EX. S(enatus) C(onsulto). 
Rev. Victory in quadriga; in exergue, L. FAB(ins) L. F. HISP 
(aniae)-QoUaestor) . 



26 

259. Ditto. Bust of Genius of the Roman People, with portrait 
of Sulla(?); above, G. P. R. (=Genius Populi Romani). Rev. 
Globe between rudder and scepter, the last two being emblems of 
Fortuna. 

(b) War between Caesar and Pompey the Great (B. C. 49). 

260. Ditto. Bust of Jupiter Terminalis. Rev. Scepter between 
eagle (= legions) and dolphin (= fleet). The type refers to the nec- 
essary cooperation of the two forces. 

(c) Second Civil War (B. C. 46-44). 

Denarii and bronze asses of Sextus Pompeius Magnus. 

(d) The Cantabrian War of Augustus (B. C. 23-22). 

265. Denarius. Head of Augustus. Rev. A double gateway: 
above gate, EMERITA; around, P CARISIVS LEG PRO PR 
(Propraetor). Relating to founding of city of Emerita for soldiers of 
V and VII legions whose terms of enlistment had expired {emeritus). 

GAUL. 

The Roman coinages in Gaul were chiefly those of Valerius Flaccus as propraetor 
in B. C. 82; of Caesar just following his Gallic campaigns; and during the Civil War 
the issues by Antony and Octavius. 

(a) C. Valerius Flaccus, Propraetor. 

266. Denarius. Bust of Victory. Rev. Legionary eagle between 
two standards; EX. S. C. (Ex senatus consulto). 

(b) By Julius Caesar (B. C. 50-49). 

267. Denarius. Elephant (Caesar) trampling on a dragon (Gallia); 
in exergue, CAESAR. Rev. Pontifical emblems: ax, sprinkler, 
and jug. 

(c) By Octavius, During Second Triumvirate (41-36). 

268. Denarius. Head of Octavius; around, C. CAESAR. COS. 
PONT(ifex). AVG(ur). Rev. Laureate head of Julius Caesar to 
right; around, C. CAESAR. DICT(ator) PERP(etuo) PONT. MAX. 
Struck in honor of Julius Caesar. 

271. Ditto. Draped bust of Mars, with crested helmet; around, 
CAESAR III VIR R. P. C. (rei publicae constituendae) . Rev. 
Trophy surmounted by legionary eagle; in field, S. C. 

272. AE. Sestertius. Bare head of Octavius: CAESAR-DIVI F. 
Rev. Deified head of Julius Caesar: DIVOS-IVLIVS. One of the 
early brass coins, a metal later coined at Rome. 



27 

276. AV. Aureus. Bare head of Augustus to right; around, 
AVGVSTVS DIVI F. Rev. Apollo performing on lyre; in field, 
IMP(erator). X.; in exergue, ACT(ium). Commemorates the Battle 
of Actium, Sept. 23, 31 B. C. 

THE ORIENT. 

The first Roman coinage in the East was that issued by the financial officers of 
Sulla for the Mithradatic wars, B. C. 82-81, followed 20 years later by the gold coinage 
of Pompey in the war against the pirates, and finally in large quantities during the 
civil wars. The types of this eastern coinage are particularly interesting for the 
portraits of many prominent personages, as Sulla, Lucius and Marcus Junius Brutus, 
Lucius and Marcus Antony, Octavius and Octavia, Labienus, and Cleopatra, as 
well as alleged portraits of other historical personages. 

(a) Sulla 1 s Triumph over Mithradates (B. C. 81). 

278. Denarius. Head of Roma; around, L. MANLI(us)-PRO- 
Q(uaestor). Rev. Sulla in triumphal car; above, flying Victory; 
in exergue, L. SVLLA. IM(perator). 

(b) Following Battle of Pharsalus (B. C. 48). 

281. Denarius. Head of Venus. Rev. Aeneas naked, walking 
to left, carrying Palladium of Troy and his father Anchises. The 
types refer to Caesar's claim of a Trojan origin for his family. 

(c) Coins of Marcus Junius Brutus (B. C. 43-42). 

282. Denarius. Ceres. Rev. Tripod; sacrificial implements. 
282a. Ditto. LIBERTAS Head of Libertas to right. Rev. 

CAEPIO. BRVTVS. PRO. CO(n)S(ule) Lyre between plectrum and 
laurel-branch. Struck in Greece. 

283. Ditto. Apollo. Rev. Trophy; BRVTVS IMP. 

284. Ditto. Head of Neptune; CASCA-LONGVS. Rev. BRVTVS- 
IMP. Victory with palm on left shoulder, holding broken diadem;. 
at feet, broken scepter. y 

(d) Coins of Mark Antony, as Member of Triumvirate {B. (J. 41, and 



285. Denarius. Head of Antony. Rev. Head of Octavius. 

286. AR. "Oistophoric Medallion," B. C. 39, referring to marriage 
of Antony and Octavia. Head of Antony, wearing ivy wreath; 
around, M. ANTONIVS. IMP. COS. DESIG. ITER. ET. TERT. 
Rev. Between two serpents a cista mystica surmounted by bust of 
Octavia; at sides, III. VIR. — R(ei). P(ublicae). C(onstituendae). 

287. Ditto. Same legend; heads of Antony and Octavia, con- 
joined, to right. Rev. Similar to preceding, but Bacchus standing 
upon the cista. 

288. Ditto. Antony as augur, standing r. Rev. Head of Sol. 

289. Denarii. Galley. Rev. Military standards. Struck when 
preparing for the final struggle with Augustus, the battle of Actium . 



28 

(e) Coinage of Augustus (B. C. 29-27) — Peace Restored. 

290. Denarius. Head of Octavius. Rev. Pax holding olive 
branch and cornucopiae; around, CAESAR DIVI. F(ilius). 

291. Quinarius. Head of Octavius. Rev. ASIA RECEPTA 
Victory holding wreath and palm-branch, standing on cista mystica. 

292. "Cistophorus," medallic piece of B. C. 28. Laureated head 
of Octavius, the " Vindicator of the Liberty of the Roman People, " 
LIBERTATIS P. R. VINDEX. Rev. Within a laurel wreath, Pax 
standing, and a cista surmounted by serpents. 

AFRICA. 

The Roman coinage in Africa in Republican times was issued by the Caesarian 
and Pompeian parties to the civil conflict and in the years B. C. 47-36. 

(a) The Pompeians, Scipio and Cato (B. C. 47-46). 

299. Denarius. Head of Jupiter; around, Q. METEL(lus) 
PIVS. Rev. African elephant; SCIPIO-IMP. 

(b) Julius Caesar, after Battle of Thapsus (B. C. 46). 

307. Denarius. Head of Ceres; around, DICT. ITER-COS. 
TERT. Rev. Emblems of the pontificate and augurship; PONT 
(ifex) MAX (imus)-AVGVR; in field, D(onativum) i. e. struck for 
a largess to the soldiers. 

(c) Coins of the Triumvirs, Lepidus and Octavius. 

315. Denarius. LEPIDVS. PONT. MAX. III. VIR. R. P. C. 
Head of Lepidus. Rev. Head of Octavius; around, CAESAR. 
IMP. III. VIR. R. P. C. 

THE ROMAN EMPIRE (b. C. 27). 

[Section 2, lower case.] 
The coinage of the Roman Empire is virtually a continuation of the coinage which 
stress of circumstances and the assertiveness of partisans and party leaders had 
brought forth during the civil wars that put an end to the Republic and ushered in 
the monarchy. Thus, portraiture of living personages, which first appeared on 
Roman coins in those years of confusion (B. C. 44), became a regular feature of the 
imperial coins; the practice of commemorating contemporary events on the reverses 
of the civil war coinages was greatly extended in imperial times, the coins of Hadrian 
bearing record of numerous imperial journeys and administrative measures; and the 
monetary reform of Augustus in B. C. 15 was chiefly a legalization of certain irregular 
practices of the warring parties, as the coinage of gold, and of the brass (orichalcum) 
sestertius and dupondius, which had appeared in the military coinages in the provinces. 
Under the new arrangements of the year 15 the right to coin the precious metals 
was accorded to the Emperor, while to the senate was left the authority to coin the 
base metals, a power it held until the reign of Aurelian (A. D. 270-276), and which is 
always indicated by the letters S. C. (senatus consulto) on the brass and bronze coins. 
The gold and silver coins of the Republic and of the early years of the Empire were 
of as pure metal as the refining processes of the time could produce, but in the reign 
of Nero there began a debasement of the silver denarius, both in weight and fineness, 
which in spite of several attempts at reform finally resulted in a piece that was pure 
copper with only a silver wash that soon disappeared. The gold coins were but 
slightly debased at any time throughout the long period of the Empire.* 

Denarius, of Augustus (B. C. 27-A.^ D. 14). CAESAR 
AVGVSTVS Head of Augustus to right, wearing oak wreath (which 
was decreed him by the senate). Rev. Comet of eight rays and tail; 
between rays, DIVVS-IVLIVS. The reverse type refers to the 



29 

appearance of a comet, perhaps Halley's, over Rome in B. C. 44, 
and not long after the death of Julius Caesar. 

AE. Sestertius, of Tiberius (A. D. U-37). Head to left. Rev. 
ROM (ae) ET AYG(usto). An altar between two cippi, each sur- 
mounted by a Victory. The worship of the emperor and (the god- 
dess) Roma was established in the provinces in the lifetime of 
Augustus. This may be the great altar at Lyons. 

345. AR. Double-denarius, Nero. Laureated bust to right. 
Rev. Temple of Janus, closed; around, PACE ~P(opulo) H(omano) 
VBIQ(we) PARTA IANVM CLVSIT.— " Peace everywhere secured 
for the Roman people (the emperor) closed the temple of Janus." 

344. AE. AS. Similar to last. 

386a. AE. Sestertius, of Vespasian. Bust laureate to right. 
Rev. Captive Judaea seated r. beneath a palm tree, and guarded by 
a Roman soldier standing on left of tree; around, IVDAEA CAPTA. 

426. AV. Aureus, of Plotina, wife of Trajan. PLOTINA AVG. 
TRAIANI. Bust, diademate, to right. Rev. Vesta seated left. 

428. AV. Aureus, of Plotina and Matidia, sister of Trajan. 
Similar to last. Rev. MATIDIAE. Bust diademate, r. The 
wife, mother, sisters, and daughters of an emperor received the title 
augusta and often coins were struck in their honor. 

439. As. Hadrian. Laureated head to right. Rev. HIS- 
PANIA. Female figure, Spain, reclining left. 

445. Denarius, of same. Rev. Hadrian lifting up kneeling Spain. 

446. Ditto. Rev. RESTITVTORI HISPANIAE. Hadrian 
standing to right. 

Coin types referring to Hadrian's journeys in the provinces are numerous. Also 
personifications of the provinces are frequent. The monetary reforms of Caracalla 
introduced the new denominations: 

536. Antoninianus, of Julia Domna, Mother of Caracalla. Bust 
diademate to left in a crescent. Rev. VENVS GENETRIX. 
Venus seated. 

539. Antoninianus, of Caracalla (A. D. 211-217). Radiate bust 
to r. Rev. Jupiter, nude, seated r. 

The monetary reforms of Diocletian (284-305) brought in the new denominations : 

709. AR. Miliarensis. Laureated head r. Rev. VIRTVS 
MILIT(^m). Four soldiers sacrificing at a tripod. 

713. AE. Follis, of Maximian {A. D.) 286-305). Bust r. Rev. 
GENIO POPVLI ROMANI. Female figure with turret crown. 

722. AV. Solidus, of Conslantine the Great. Diademed head r. 
Rev. IOVI CONSERVATORI AVG. Jupiter standing 1. 

748. AV. Solidus, of Julian the Apostate (360-363). Draped 
bust r. Rev. Julian walking to right. 

THE EASTERN ROMAN EMPIRE. 

_. m . m , [Section 3, lower case.] 

One of the features that soon marked the types of the Byzantine coins was the 

representation of Christian emblems and also of Christ and the Virgin Mary. The 

coinage is further interesting because of its faithful reflection of Byzantine art, and 

for certain peculiar fabrics, such as the cup or saucerlike pieces, No. 831. 



30 

786. AV. Solidus, of Anastasius (A. D. 491-518). DN (dominus 
noster) ANASTASIVS P. P. (perpetuus) AVG(ustus). Beardless 
bust to right. Rev. VICTORIA A VGGG(ustorum). Victory hold- 
ing cross surmounted by Christian monogram. 

788. AE. 40 Nummia, of same. Rev. Large letter M (40), the 
mark of value; at sides, stars, above, cross. 

816. AV. Solidus, of Michael III (842-867). Crowned bust fac- 
ing. Rev. Draped bust of Christ, facing. Compare also, No. 823, 
bust of Christ facing; 825, the Virgin nimbate standing by crowned 
bust of the Emperor; and the Nomisma, No. 829, with Christ seated 
on throne. 

831. AV. Nomisma, of Nicephorus 111(1078-1081). A nummus 
scyphatus or cup-shaped coin. Crowned bust. Rev. Christ, nim- 
bate, seated. 



EUROPE. 

GREAT BRITAIN. 

[Section 4. 

The first coinage in the British Isles took place early in the first century B. C. 
and consisted of a rude imitation of coins circulating in Gaul, which were in turn 
descended through a succession of barbarous imitations from the widely used coins 
of Philip II of Macedon. After Roman conquests were made in the islands of course 
Roman coins came into use, and in the reign of Carausius (A. D. 287-293) over Britain 
and part of Gaul, mints were established at London and Colchester. No Roman 
coins were struck in the islands later than A. D. 388, but Roman coins, struck else- 
where, were undoubtedly used until the Anglo-Saxons struck coins, about A. D. 575. 

The coins of the Anglo-Saxons, chiefly silver sceattas, followed very closely the 
model of the gold coinage of the Merovingian kings of France. After the reform of 
the French coinage by Pepin (A. D. 752-768), Offa, King of Mercia (A. D. 757-795), 
soon replaced the sceat with the penny, the notion for which was taken from the 
denier of the new French coinage system. This beginning led ultimately to the 
adoption of the entire Carlovingian system in England. That system consisted of 
a libra (pound)=20 solidi (shillings) =12 denarii (pennies). During the Roman 
and Saxon periods no coins were struck in Scotland or Ireland. The first coins 
struck in Ireland were from the mints of the Norse kings at Dublin. 

The coinage of gold was introduced in England by Edward III, A. D. 1327-1377, 
which was nearly a century after the restoration of gold on the Continent (1252) 
and the vain attempt of Henry III to coin gold in 1257. The first gold coins were the 
noble, its half, and the quarter, with the type of the king in armor standing in a ship, 
suggested perhaps by the naval victory of Sluys (1343); on the reverse is the passage 
from Luke's Gospel: IhS AVTEM TRANSIENS PER MEDIVM ILLORVM 
IBAT (But He passing through the midst of them went His way), which was then 
used as a charm against thieves. Subsequently many other gold denominations were 
added, as the angel, with the type of Michael slaying the dragon, used as a touch- 
piece for the cure of the king's evil; the ryal; the sovereign of 30 shillings; the unite 
or laurel, intended for circulation in both England and Scotland; the guinea, which 
was so named because largely produced from gold supplied by the Guinea or African 
Trading Co.; and in the reign of Gecrge III the new sovereign of 20 shillings. 

Besides the royal coinage there was the coinage of the Commonwealth and of Crom- 
well, and the numerous issues of necessity and siege pieces, chiefly during the civil wars, 
1649-1660. 

In the thirteenth century a small silver coin was issued that became known as the 
sterling, a term of much-debated origin. Issued at a time when the silver coinage of 
Europe was generally debased, its superior standard gained for it a wide acceptance 
and so wide an imitation that it became in effect an international coinage. The 
types of the coin were a facing head and a long cross with three annulets or stars in the 
angles. In commerce the sterlings passed by the pound, whether by tale or weight 
is not certain, and the popular name of those excellent coins still survives as an ex- 
pression of standard in the term " pounds sterling. " 

1. Early bronze, an imitation of a Gallic bronze piece. Head: 
Horse. 

2. Sceatta, of Mercia. Head to right: T o T, etc., in square. 

3. AR. Penny, of Aeihelbearht (856-866), king of Wessex. Head 
right: DVD VINE MONETA between arms of cross. 

4. AR. Penny, of Alfred the Great (£72-90* 0+ELFRED REX. 
Short cross. Rev. Name of moneyer. 

89862°— 13 3 (31) 



32 

5. AR. Penny, of Eadred (946-955), EADRED REX small 
cross — HVNR/x x x/ED MO pellets above and below. 

6. AR. Penny, of Cnut {1016-1035). CNVT REX ANGLOR. 
Bust to left. Rev. ALPINE ON LVND (Aelfwine of London) 
Long voided cross. 

7. AR. Penny, of William I or II, 1066, the Conqueror or sod. 
Facing bust, crowned — Cross. The types of the coins of William I 
were continued on the coins of his son. 

13. AR. Penny, of Henry 111(1216-1272). Facing head— CANT. 
Short cross. 

14. Penny, of the same, with a long cross. The arms of the cross 
were lengthened at this time, and made to extend to the edge of the 
coin, a device which incidentally prevented clipping. 

19 a-b. Halfpenny, and farthing, of Edward II (1807-1327), pro- 
duced by cutting pennies into halves and quarters respectively. 
In this common practice the "long cross" mentioned under No. 14 
also served for guiding the shears. 

20. Quarter noble, gold, of Edward III (1327-1376). Shield of 
arms— EXALTABITVR IN GLORIA Cross. The first successful 
issue of gold coins in England was made by this monarch in 1343. 
Henry III had tried to introduce a "gold penny" in 1257, but the 
issue proved unpopular and the project was abandoned. 

21. AR. Groat (London). Facing bust, crowned. Rev. Long 
cross, with pellets in angles. In this reign occurred the first issue 
of the Groat (1351), the coin corresponding to the Gros Tournois of 
France, and the Groschen of Germany. 

22. AV. Royal d'or, of Edward the Black Prince (1362-1376). The 
prince standing facing — Cross. Struck in France. 

34. AV. Sovereign, of Henry VIII (1509-1553). The king seated— 
Crowned arms. 

44. AR. Shilling, of Philip and Mary (1554-1 558). Busts vis-a-vis — 
Oval arms of England and Spain. 

45. AV. Sovereign, of Elizabeth (1558-1603); value, 30 shillings. 
Queen crowned, seated — Shield of arms. 

52. AV. Laurel, of James I (1603-1625); value, 20 shillings. 
Bust with laurel wreath on head — Crowned arms. 

63. AV. 5 shillings, of Charles I (1625-1649). Crowned bust- 
Crowned arms. 

64. AR. Pound, 1642, of same. Necessity ' piece coined at Oxford 
from the silver plate of the universities. The king mounted on horse — 
On a scroll, RELIG. PROT. LEG./ANG. LIBER. PAR., being 
an allusion to his declaration to "protect the protestant religion, 
laws and liberties of his subjects, and privileges of parliament. " 

67. JR. Shilling, 1645; Siege piece of Newark; struck to meet 
the urgent demand for money when the city was besieged by the 
parliamentary army during the Civil War. 

72. M. Half-crown, 1654, of the Commonwealth. THE COM- 
MONWEALTH OF ENGLAN Shield bearing cross of St. George. 
Rev. GOD WITH VS. Two shields. 

74. M. Broad, 1656, of Cromwell. Laureated bust of the Pro- 
tector to left. Rev. Arms of Protectorate crowned. 



33 

79. M. Guinea, 1667, of Charles II (1660-1685). The "guinea" 
derives its name from the fact that the gold of which it was coined 
came from Guinea in Africa, whence it was brought by the African 
company. 

Milled coins.— Until the second year of Charles II, the coins of England were struck 
by means of a hammer, and the planchets or blanks were cut out with shears. 

In 1662 a contract was made with Peter Blondeau to erect and operate the newly 
invented coining machinery in the Tower mint, and from that time the coins were 
" milled " instead of hammered. Also a machine punch supplanted the shears as a 
means of shaping the planchets. The " Mill and Screw" had been used for a short 
time in the reign of Elizabeth, but had to be abandoned. 

87-89. M. Groat, Threepence and Twopence; Maundy Money. 
A part of His Majesty's Royal Maundy gifts which are distributed 
on Maundy Thursday by the lord high almoner, and consists of a pay- 
ment, in silver coins of the denominations of 4, 3, 2, and 1 pence 
pieces, of as many pence as the sovereign is years of age to a like 
number of persons of both sexes, over 60 years old, who have at some 
time given employment to others and have paid rates and taxes. 

93. AV. "Touch-piece, " undated, of James II (1685-1688). Obv. 
A ship sailing left. Rev. SOLI. DEO. GLORIA. St. Michael 
slaying the dragon. Pierced. The practice of " touching " for 
the cure of scrofulous diseases dates from Edward the Confessor; and 
was kept up by his successors, with the exception of William and 
Mary, until the accession of the House of Brunswick. After the 
ceremony of ' ' touching " a gold coin, usually the Angel, was suspended 
about the neck of the afflicted person. 

100. Crown, brass, 1690. Necessity piece, coined in Ireland from 
brass and copper implements and from brass cannon; from which 
the name "Gun money." 

101. AR. Crown, of Anne (A. D. 1702-1714). Beneath the bust, 
VIGO, because made from silver captured from the Spanish in 
Vigo Bay in 1702. 

106. AR. Shilling, 1723, of George I (1714-1727), with SS-C in 
the angles of the cross formed by the position of the shields of arms, 
and designates the South Sea Co., from which the silver was derived. 

130. AV. Two-guinea piece, 1748, of George II (A. D. 1727-1760). 

131. AR. Shilling, 1746. Beneath the bust, LIMA, because the 
silver was captured from the Spaniards by the British privateers- 
men, "Duke" and "Prince Frederick"; "Lima" refers to the 
mint at Lima, Peru. 

142. AV. "Spade" guinea, 1787, of George III (A. D. 1760- 
1820). Called the "Spade Guinea" because of the spade-shaped 
shield of arms. 

144. AV. Sovereign, 1818. Rev. St. George slaying the dragon. 

147. AV. Seven-shillings, 1808. Bust. Rev. Crown and date. 

164r-165. AE. Twopence and penny, 1797. The first issue of 
these denominations in copper. The twopence, which weighed 2 
ounces avoirdupois, was soon discontinued as too cumbersome. 

170. AV. Double-sovereign, 1826, of George IV (A. D. 1820- 
1830). The double-sovereign was first issued in this reign. 

211. AR. Florin (Two shillings), 1849. First issue of this de- 
nomination. Legend on obverse, VICTORIA-REGINA 1849, the 



34 

usual Dei Gratia being omitted, hence they were popularly called 
"The Godless Florins.' ' g 

240 to 250. Jubilee coinage of 1887, including the double-florin 
which only was issued from 1887 to 1890. 

251 to 257. Jubilee coinage of 1893. 

277 to 280. Patterns of private origin. 

BANK OF ENGLAND TOKENS. 

281 to 282. AR. These are Spanish coins restruck before being 
put into circulation to meet the urgent demand for coin after the 
Bank of England had in 1797 suspended payments in cash; scarcity 
of coin had caused the suspension. 

BANK OF IRELAND TOKENS. 

288 to 292. AR. Struck from Spanish coins, because of the depre- 
ciation of the silver currency. Withdrawn in 1817. 

SCOTLAND. 

Upper case. 

404. AR. Penny, of William the Lion (A. D. 1165-1214). Crowned 
head to left; — Cross. 

411. AR. Groat, silver, of Robert II (1371-1390). Crowned 
bust; — Long cross. 

419. AR. "Sword Dollar," silver, 1570, of James VI (1567-1625). 
Obv. Arms of Scotland. Rev. Crowned sword. 

FRANCE. 

Gaulish coins.— The early coins of Gaul, later France, were rude copies of Greek 
coins, especially of the gold staters of Philip II of Macedon. It was chiefly a gold 
coinage. 

Roman coins.— Even before the conquest of Gaul the Roman silver denarii were 
common in the country, brought thither in large quantities by merchants. After 
the final pacification of the country, Roman coins formed its circulating medium, 
and a number of imperial mints were established in that province. 

Merovingian coins (A. D. 447-752).— -The coinage of the Frankish kings in the 
territory won from the ruins of the empire in the West was almost exclusively of 
gold. The denomination was the triens or one- third of the solidus of the Lower 
Empire. The coins seldom bear the name of the king, but only of the mint master 
and name of place of minting. Mints were numerous. 

Carlovingian coinage.— hi the latter part of the preceding epoch gold began grad- 
ually to give place to silver, and in the reign of Pepin the Short (A. D. 752-768) silver 
became the exclusive coinage of the kingdom. The denominations were the denier 
and its half, the obole, struck on a new system of 240 of the former to the pound of 
silver. The closing of local mints begun by Pepin was carried much further by 
Charlemagne, and finally the royal coins became the prevalent but not the only 
ones in circulation. In the reign of Eudes (A. D. 887-898) tho first baronial coinage 
appeared, and in a few years the coins of the feudal barons, church authorities, and 
cities, issued from hundreds of mints, almost crowded out the royal coinage. 

Reforms, and modern coinage.— The greed for profits among the thousands of irre- 
sponsible coiners soon resulted in a greatly debased coinage and monetary chaos. 
To remedy that condition St. Louis issued, in 1260, two new coins, a gold ecu and 
a good silver coin called a gros (grossus), because it was larger than the current 
denier, and gros tournois, because it was first struck at the city of Tours. The new 
coin was really the solidus (shilling) of the earlier Carlovingian system. The example 
was soon widely followed in the groschen coinage of Germany, and much later by 
the groat in England. In 1513 Louis XII added a still larger silver coin, the blanc, 
to the series, having for obverse type the bust (teste) of the king, and so generally 



35 

called a teston; and under his successor, Francois I (1515-1547), French coinage 
became entirely modern. In 1646 Louis XIV struck the Louis d'or, which becamo 
one of the widely known pieces of the series. 

Until the beginning of the seventeenth century the old process of striking with 
the hammer was still employed. The efforts of Nicolas Briot (1605-1625) to replace 
the shears and hammer with the mill and screw to cut the planchets and stamp 
the coins proved ineffectual and he went to England to escape persecution and 
find acceptance for his new devices; but the machines soon proved their efficiency, 
and in 1645 the further use of the hammer was forbidden by law. 

The coinage of the Revolution (1791-1793) was specially marked by the reverse 
type of the Louis d'or and the ecu, No. 76. The circulating medium of the time 
was chiefly the assignats, inconvertible paper money secured by the national do- 
main, which was largely taken from the clergy. In 1795 the Assembly of the Re- 
public introduced a new coinage with the decimal system. The unit was the franc, 
and the system is virtually that of the Latin Monetary Union, adopted by France, 
Belgium, and Italy in 1866, and to which Switzerland was admitted in 1868. 

[Section 7.] 

(a) Early Gaulish coins. 

(6) Coins of the Merovingian kings. 

1. AR. Denier, of Charlemagne {A. D. 768-814) . Cross — Mono- 
gram. 

12. AR. Gros Tournois, of Louis IX {1226-1270). Cross— Chapel. 

18. AV. Pavilion d'or. Philip VI {A.D.I 328-1 3 50). King seated 
beneath a canopy — Cross fleury. 

26. AV. Ecu d'or au porc-epi, of Louis XII {1498-1515). Crowned 
shield of arms, supported by two porcupines. — Cross with porcupines 
and two L's in angles. 

29. AR. Teston, of Frangois I {1515-1547). Crowned bust r. — 
Crowned shield of arms. 

38. AV. Ecu d'or, of Charles X, of the League, 1592. Obv. 
CAROLVS— FR. ANCOR(um). REX Crowned arms. Rev. 
CHRISTVS. REGNAT. VINCIT. ET IMPERAT Cross. 

45. AV. Demi Louis d'or, 1641, of Louis XIII {1610-1643). Bust 
to right. — Four pairs of LL's, crowned, in form of cross. 

47. AV. Double Louis d'or, 1710, of Louis XIV {1643-1715). 
Similar to No. 45. 

52. AR. Ecu Blanc, 1680, of the same. 

Coinage of the Revolution. — 76. AR. Ecu de Six Livres, l'an 4, 
1792, of Louis XVI, as constitutional Monarch {1791-1793). Obv. 
LOUIS XVI ROI DES FRANCOIS Bust of king to left. Rev. 
REGNE DE LA LOI, Genius of France, inscribing upon tablet 
CONSTITUTION with the scepter of reason (indicated by open 
eye); at sides, fasces and cock, symbols of union and vigilance. 

90. AR. 5 Francs, 1797, of First Republic {1792-1804). UNION 
ET FORCE; Hercules uniting Liberty and Equality. — In a wreath, 
5 /FRANCS/ L'AN 6. 

99. AV. 40 Francs, l'an 12, of the Consulate. BONAPARTE 
PREMIER CONSUL Bust to left.— REPUBLIQUE FRANCAISE 
Value in a wreath. 

104. AV. 40 Francs, l'an 13 (1804), of the First Empire. NA- 
POLEON EMPEREUR Bust to left— (As No. 99). 

106. Ditto, 1811. As preceding, but on reverse EMPIRE 
FRANCAIS, which replaced the "Republique Francaise" in 1808. 

First Restoration, Louis XVIII, 1814—118. AV. 20 Francs, 1815. 
LOUIS XVIII ROI DE FRANCE Bust to r.— Arms. 



36 

Return of Napoleon, "The Hundred Days ." — 121. AV. 20 Francs, 
1815. NAPOLEON EMPEREUR, His laureated bust— EMPIRE 
FRANCAIS Value in wreath. 

The Restoration. — The arms of France restored on the gold and 
silver coins of Louis XVIII, Charles X, and Louis Philippe. 

137. AR. 5 Francs, 1831, of Henry V., the Pretender, Obv. 
HENRI V ROI DE FRANCE Bust 1. Rev. Crowned arms, 
value and date. 

The Second Republic {1848-1852).— 150. AV. 20 Francs, 1848. 
Genius of France inscribing CONSTITUTION— LIBERTE. 
EGALITE. FRATERNITE.— Value. 

The Empire Revived. — 160. AV. 100 Francs, 1855, of Napoleon 
III (1852-1873). 

The ThM Republic, 1870.— 201. AV. 20 Francs, 1899. Bust of 
The Republic — Cock. By Chaplain. 

210. AR. 2 Francs, 1902. The sower (semeuse). — Value. By 
Roty. Chaplain, Roty, and also Daniel Dupuis who engraved the 
bronze coins, are three of the most eminent contemporary French 
medalists. 

ITALY. 

[Section 6.] 
After the fall of the Western Roman Empire the Ostrogothic conquerers governed 
Italy for a little more than half a century, during which time they issued coins, first 
with the obverse type of the imperial Byzantine coins, later Thodath (A. D. 534- 
536), replacing the bust of the emperor with his own. This Ostrogothic coinage 
consisted of a gold solidus and triens, and silver silica and half-silica. 

Soon after the middle of the sixth century the Ostrogoths were followed by the 
Lombards, who held the country until they were in turn subjugated by the Franks. 
The coinage of the Lombards was chiefly in gold, the types being the bust of the 
prince on the obverse and on reverse St. Michael or an angel holding a helmet. 
When at last Charlemagne had conquered the Lombards he established a kingdom 
in Italy and placed on the throne his infant son, Pepin (754-774). The Frankish 
coinage which followed extended until the middle of the tenth century, being struck 
at six mints; and in addition the imperial title appears on the coins struck in other 
Italian mints of the time. 

The suzerainty of the Franks in Italy was followed in turn by that of the Saxon, 
Franconian, Hohenstaufen, and Hapsburg emperors, whose nominal authority was 
widely recognized on the local municipal and republican coinages. From an early 
date the coinage of the states of the church was issued by authority of the Popes. 

NAPLES AND SICILY. 

212. AR. Carlin of Ferdinand 7, of Naples. Bust r— DRAGON. 

219. AR. Double Scudo, 1732, of Charles III (VI of Germany). 
Laureated bust. — Phoenix. 

228. AV. 6 Ducats, 1785, of Ferdinand I. Bust r— Shield of 
arms. 

The Parthenopean Republic— 236. AR. Ecu, of 12 Carlini, 1799. 
REPUBLICA NAPOLITANA Maiden (Parthenos) with Liberty 
Pole— ANNO SETTIMO DELLA LIBERTA in wreath. 

The Kingdom of Naples, 1806-1815—210. AR. Piastra, 1808, of 
Joseph Napoleon. Bust. — Crowned arms. 

242. AV. 20 Lire, 1813, Joachim Murat. Head 1. — Value. 

In 1815 Naples and Sicily were again united as the Two Sicilies. 



37 

MALTA. 

The Knights of St. John of Jerusalem. — The seat of government of 
this famous Order was transferred from Rhodes to Malta during the 
rule of Philippe de Villiers (1521-1534). 

259. AV. Sequin, 1694, of Adrien de Wignacourt. Grand Master 
kneeling. — Shield of arms. 

261. AR. Scudo, 1757, of Emanuel Pinto . Shield of arms. — NON 
SURREXIT MAIOR St. John in wilderness. 

THE PAPAL STATES. 

The coinage of the Popes began with Gregory III (731-741), but was interrupted 
from Leo IX (1049) to Urban V (1362), during which period the coinage was under 
the authority of the Roman Senate. Apart from the splendid portraiture of the 
Popes and the papal arms, the types present a variety of religious architecture, 
passages of the Scriptures, moral sayings, etc. Of special interest in the series are 
the interregnal issues of the Cardinal Camerlingo, which bear the inscription SEDE 
VACANTE, "In vacancy of Holy See." Pius IX (1846-1878) was the last Pope to 
strike coins. 

Roman senate. — 142. AV. Florin. Florentine lily — St. John Bap- 
tist. 

143. AV. Ducat. Types similar to Venetian ducat. 

Coins of the Popes.— 144. AR. Scudo, 1620, of Paul V (1605-1621). 
Bust to right; St. George slaying dragon. 

146a. AR. Scudo, 1689. See vacant. Arms of Cardinal Camerlingo, 
Altieri — Holy dove. 

147. AR. Scudo, 1696, of Innocent XII. Bearded bust to right. — 
The Pope enthroned in Consistory. 

147a. Ditto, 1704, of Clement XI Papal arms.- — Simeon standing 
before temple holding the infant Jesus; around, angel, Holy Virgin 
kneeling, Anna. 

148. AV. Scudo, 1712, of Clement XI (1700-1721). Arms— 
FERRO NOCENT1US AVRVM (Gold more deadly than the sword). 

166. AV. Ducat, 1787, of Pius VI (1775-1800). APOSTOLOR. 
PRINCEPS St. Peter standing— Lily. 

188. Nic. 40 Baiocchi, 1849, of Republic established after revolu- 
tion of 1848. DIO E POPOLO Eagle on fasces— REPUBLICA 
ROMANA; value. 

192ff . Nickel siege tokens of 1849, when Rome was besieged by French 
army sent to restore the Pope to authority. ROMA OBSESS A AB 
EXERCITV FRANCORVM— Wolf suckling twins. 

196. AV. 22-1/2 Scudi, 1858. of Pius IX (1846-1878). Bust to 
left; Value and date in wreath. 

FLORENCE AND TUSCANY. 

From A. D. 1189 to 1532 the coinage of Florence was autonmous. This coinage 
consisted of only the denaro until in the thirteenth century, when the larger silver 
grosso was added; and at about the same time (1252), Florence revived the coinage of 
gold, a metal which had not been coined in western Europe since the latter part of 
the eighth century, and struck the florin or fiorino d'oro. The financial and commer- 
cial importance of Florence in Europe secured general acceptance of the new gold 
coin; it was imitated at about 80 mints. The system of the florin, grosso, and denaro, 
was continued by the Medici as hereditary Gonfalonieri of the city. 



38 

The first duke of Tuscany, which included Florence, Alessandro de' Medici, intro- 
duced a silver coin still larger than the grosso, called a testone, because it bore a por- 
trait of the duke. This coin is said to have been engraved by Benvenuto Cellini 
(No. 99). The silver scudo (dollar size) was introduced in the reign of Cosimo I. 
de' Medici, becoming known as the francescone in reign of Francis II (1737-1765). 

95. AV. Fiorino, undated. Obv. FLORENTIA Lily. Rev. S. 
IOHANNES B. The saint standing facing. Several specimens are 
in the case; they differ from each other only in the armorial bearing 
of the Gonfalonieri at left of the saint's head. 

Grand Duchy of Tuscany. — 99. AR. Testone, of Alessandro {1533- 
1537). Bust left. — Saints Damiano and Cosmo standing. This coin 
is said to have been engraved by Cellini. 

106 and 107. AR. Scudos, of Ferdinand II {1621-1670). Reverses, 
John the Baptist, rosebush. 

115. AV. Fiorino, of Gio. Gaston (1723-1737), last of the Medici 
house. Lily — St. John. 

Tuscany given to Francis of Loraine, 1738. — 116. AR. Francescone, 
1748, Francis II. The Austrian double-headed eagle, with arms on 
breast, took the place of the Baptist and other reverse types. 

The Kingdom of Etruria, 1801, erected by Napoleon. — 127. AR. 
Francescone, 1803, of Charles Louis, under regency of his mother. 
Busts of young king and his mother, vis-a-vis — Crowned arms. 

Austrian Archdukes restored, 1814- 

GENOA, AND L1GURIAN REPUBLIC. 

21. AR. Third-Genovino. IANVA Gateway— CVNRADVS REX 
Cross. Conrad II, King of Germany, granted the coinage right to 
Genoa, and in gratitude the city long retained his name on its coins. 

26. AR. Double Scudo, 1653, of the doge and governors, who jointly 
issued the coins from 1528 to 1797. 

Ligurian Republic, established in Genoa by Napoleon, 1796. — 36. 
AV. 96 Lire, 1798. Female representing the Republic, seated 
left. — Fasces, with Liberty Cap. 

Lucca and Piombino. — 92. AR. 5 Franchi, 1808, of Felice and 
Elisa (Bonaparte), the sister of Napoleon; their busts to right. — Value. 

MILAN. 

[Lower case.] 

The numismatic history of Milan is similar to that of Florence and other north 

Italian communities. In Milan the visconti pursued about the same course the 

Medici did in Florence: and in turn it too became a German dependency, then 

French, Austrian, and finally a part of the Italian Kingdom. 

47. AR. Teston, of John Galeazzo Maria-Sforza (1476-1481). Bust 
r. — Bust of Ludovico, uncle of John. It is probable that the artist, 
Da Vinci, engraved this coin. 

48. AR. Scudo, (1708) of Charles VI. No. 50. AR. 30 Soldi, 
1796, of Francis II (1792-1796). 

NAPOLEON IN NORTHERN ITALY. 

{a.) Transpadane Republic, founded by Napoleon in 1796. Struck 
no coins. 

(b.) Cispadane Republic, also founded by Napoleon in 1796. 



39 

36a. AR. Scudo, 1796. Obv. POPVLVS ET SENATVS BO- 
NON(iae) Arms. Rev. Bust of Madonna in clouds, above the city. 

(c.) Cisalpine Republic, composed of union of the two preceding. 

37. AV. 10 Lire, 1797. LIBERTA EGUAGLIANZA Liberty 
standing. — Value in wreath. 

(d.) Kingdom of Italy. Erected from territory of Cisalpine Republic. 

40. AV. 40 Lire, 1814, of Napoleon, 1805-1814. Head 1.— Eagle 
on ermine mantle. 

PARMA, AND PARMA AND PIACENZA. 

Scudo, 1628, of Edoardo Farnese; 2 Scudi, gold, 1786, of Ferdinand 
I, of Spain. 

53. AV. 40 Lire, 1815, of Marie Louise, former wife of Napoleon I, 
for whom the emperor of Austria claimed the duchy in 1814. Bust 
to left. — Arms. 

VENICE. 

As in the rest of Europe, so at Venice the small denaro and obole of the Carolingian 
system were struck, and for about three centuries they bore the name of the emperor 
of the West. In 1192 Venice struck a better and larger silver coin, the matapan or 
grosso, and about the same time assumed independent control over her own coinage. 
The Venetian grosso shows pronounced Byzantine influence, while the French gros 
had an Arabic model. In 1285 Venice followed the example of Florence and coined 
the gold ducat or zecchino, and in 1535 added the gold scudo and mezzo scudo. The 
coinage of large silver pieces, dollar size, which started in Europe in the early part oJ 
the sixteenth century, first occurred at Venice in the dogate of Nicolo de Ponto 
(1578-1585). Beginning in 1521 the osella, interesting medallic coins, were struck and 
presented by the doge to nobles of the Republic on Christmas Day. They were struck 
in gold, silver, and bronze. With the loss of independence (1797) the zecca (mint) 
of Venice ceased operations, to resume for but one or two brief periods thereafter. 

REPUBLIC. 

59a. AR. Matapan, of Doge Marin Morosini, 1249-52. St. Mark 
and the doge, standing facing. — Christ standing. 

60. AV. Ducat, of Giovanni Soranzo, 1312-1328. Kneeling doge 
receiving banner from St. Mark. — Christ standing in oval of stars. 

68. AR. Ducat della Croce, of Antonio Priuli, 1618-23. Cross. — 
Shield of arms. 

70. AR. Ducaton, of Silvestro Valier, 1694-1700. Obverse similar 
to No. 60. — Winged lion. 

77a. AR. Osella, 1790, of L. Manin. Obv. LVDOVICI MANIN 
PRINCIPIS MUNUS (gift). A (nno). II (year 2). 

78. AR. 10 Lire, 1797, during the French Occupation. Liberty- 
standing before trophy of arms. — Value in wreath. 

LOMBARDO-VENETIAN KINGDOM. 

After the fall of Napoleon northern Italy was given to Francis I of Austria, who 
formed the Lombardo- Venetian Kingdom. It embraced Venice and Milan. Both 
revolted in 184S, but were reconquered in the following year. Interesting coinages 
were issued by the provisional governments. Lombardy was finally ceded to Sardinia 
in 1859 and Venice in 1866. 

79. AR. Austrian Lira, 1824, of Francis I. Bust r.; Austrian 
double eagle. 



4Q 

80. AV. 30 Lire, 1838, of Ferdinand I. Bust.— Eagle. 

Revolt of 1848. — 80. AV. 20 Lire, of Provisional Government of 
Milan. ITALIA LIBERA. DIO LO VUOLE Italia standing.— 
GOVERNO PROVISORIO, etc. Value in wreath. 

90. AR. 15 Soldi, of Provisional Government of Venice. Winged 
lion. — Value. 

SAVOY, SARDINIA, KINGDOM OF ITALY. 

In general the coinages of the various possessions of the house of Savoy follow in the 
wake of the historical development of the coinages of the neighboring countries. Both 
Florentine and French influence are observable on the different coins issued by the 
same ruler. 

Savoy.— 1. AR. Tallero, 1570, of Charles Emmanuel (1580-1630). 
Bust right. — Crowned arms. 

Sardinia. — 3. AR. Scudo, 1757, of Emmanuel I (III of Savoy) 
(1730-1773). Bust left.— Crowned arms. 

Piedmont Republic, formed out of the continental possessions of 
Sardinia in 1798 and annexed to France in 1802. — 39. AR. 5 francs, 
1803. Italy and France, standing— LIBERTE EGALITE— ERI- 
DANIA. — Value and date. 

Sardinia merged with Kingdom of Italy of which Napoleon was 
king (1805-1814).— 6. AV. 20 Lire, 1818, of Victor Emmanuel, 
restored 1814 . Bust to left. — Crowned arms. 

KINGDOM OF ITALY, 1861. 

263. AR. 5 Lire, 1861, of Victor Emmanuel (1861-1878). Head 
right. — Crowned arms. 

272. AV. 100 Lire, 1905, of Victor Emmanuel III, 1900. Head 
left.- — Crowned eagle. Rare coin. 

PORTUGAL. 

[Section 7.] 

1. Crozado, gold, of Sebastian (A. D. 1557-1578). Obv. Shield 
of arms. Rev. Cross of the Order of Christ, whence the name 
Crozado. The cross was first placed on Portuguese coins by Alphonso 
V to commemorate his connection with the Crusades. 

6. Quarter Moeda, gold, 1722, of John V (A. D. 1706-1750). Obv. 
Shield of arms. 

8. Escudo, gold, 1723. Obv. Bust. The portrait of the sover- 
eign was first introduced on Portuguese coins in this year. 

19. Half Dobra or "Joe," gold, 1785, of Maria I and Pedro III 
(A. D. 1777-1799). Busts jugate, to right. 

36. 80 Reis, bronze, 1829, of Maria II (A. D. 1828-1853). Cast 
and issued on the island of Terceira, Azores. 

40. Peca, gold, 1834. Another name of the Half dobra. 

65. Milreis, silver, 1898, of Don Carlos (1889-1899). Struck to com- 
memorate four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of India. 



41 

SPAIN. 

[Section 7, lower case.] 
Since the fall of the Roman Empire in the west Spain has been ruled by Visigoth 
(411-711), Moors, at Cordova and Granada (714-1492), and by Christians in the rest 
of the peninsula since 718. The coinage of the Visigoths, as of the Goths elsewhere, 
was almost solely the gold trientes, which at first continued the imperial, then adopted 
independent, types. The coinage of the Moors consisted of the usual dirhems and 
dinars, with inscriptions in Arabic. The kings of Aragon and of Leon and Castile 
struck coins similar to those current in western Europe, with the addition of denomi- 
nations corresponding to the Moorish coinage. The coinage of gold was not extensive 
in the Christian States of Spain until the union of Leon and Castile and Aragon, 
when an extensive coinage of gold occurred under Ferdinand and Isabella. Owing 
to her wide conquests the Spanish colonial coinage is exceedingly large and of greatest 
interest. 

1. Dirhem, silver, of Mohammad I (852-886), first Moorish king of 
Granada (1236). 

2. Excelente de la Granada, gold, of Ferdinand and Isabella 
(1479-1512). Obv. Their busts vis-a-vis. Rev. Shield of arms and 
eagle. 

3. Medio Excelente de la Granada, of the same. 

13. 50 Reales, 1626, of Philip IV (1621-1665). Shield of arms. 
Arms of Leon and Castile. 

35. Escudo, gold, 1750, of Ferdinand VI (1746-1759). Head r.— 
Crowned shield of arms. 

40. Doubloon (8 Escudos), 1778, of Charles 111(1759-1788). Bust 
r. — Crowned arms. 

59. 5 Pesetas, silver, 1809, Siege piece of Tarragone, besieged by the 
French under Gen. Suchet. 

60. Duro, silver, 1808. Siege piece o/Gerona, besieged by the French 
under Gen. Duhesme. FER. VII, GNA-/1808/UN DURO. 

61. 5 Pesetas, silver, 1810. Struck during French occupation. 
Arms of Barcelona. — Value and palms. 

74. Duro, of 30 Sous, 1821. Necessity piece of Majorca, struck 
during political disturbances in Spain. SALUS POPULI Shield of 
arms; FR°. VII and value. 

109. Peseta, silver, 1869, of Provisional Government. Hispania 
reclining left. — Arms of Spain. 

llOff . Coins of the Republic of 1870; types similar to last. 

GERMANY. 

[Sections 8 to 11.] 
Very many of the denominations of German coins, especially the numerous terms 
applied to the large silver piece of dollar size, will perhaps he most satisfactorily 
explained hy a brief statement of the more important monetary measures since the 
beginning of the sixteenth century. Before the modern period the coinage of Ger- 
many was virtually the same as that of mediaeval France, though in the twelfth and 
thirteenth centuries the inability of the mints, with their slow hand processes, to 
supply the amounts of coin required as a result of the Crusades led to the issue of a 
very thin, base silver piece, with a type on only one side, and which could therefore 
be produced easily and rapidly. These are generally called "bracteates;" that is, 
thin plates. 

In 1486 a large silver piece appeared in Bohemia and was designated a guldengroscJien, 
the grosdien of a gold gulden value. In 1519, at the Joachimsthal mint, another large 
silver piece was struck of slightly lower standard than the guldengroschen, and for 
the sake of distinction became designated the JoacMmsthalcr piece. This later coin 
was adopted and struck by several of the silver-producing countries, the name being 



42 

soon abbreviated to thaler. This appearance of a large silver coin seems to have dis- 
turbed the monetary system of the German Empire and numerous efforts were made 
by the emperors to regulate the silver coinage and bring it under control of a central 
authority. These efforts generally proved unavailing because they failed to take 
into full consideration the local interests of the numerous petty States. In time the 
various States and groups of States worked out systems suited to their local conditions, 
and later these diverse systems were brought into a sort of general harmony. 

A. D. 1524, Charles V promulgated the first general monetary system designed to 
regulate the silver coinage. Largest silver piece, reichsguldener, value of gold florin, 
8 pieces to mark of fine silver. Rejected by the States. 

A. D. 1551. Diet of Augsburg. Reichsguldcn, of 72 kreutzers, 7h to mark of fine 
silver; thaler to be suppressed, to which Saxony objected. 

A. T>. 1555. Thaler of 24 groschen, or 82 maricngroschen established by confederation 
of Saxony, Brunswick-Luneburg, Halberstadt, Hildesheim, Hanover, and other 
States. 

A. D. 1559. Diet of Augsburg. Reichsgulden, of 60 kreutzer, 9h to mark; and in 
1560 a reichsthaler of 68 kreutzers was added to secure adhesion of Saxony. This 
system was adopted, throughout Germany. Increase in the value of silver, however, 
led to confusion everywhere, and efforts were made to remedy the trouble. 

A. D. 1667. Diet of Regensberg. Reichsthaler, of 96 kreutzers. Saxony, Branden- 
burg, and Brunswick-Luneburg withdrew from that convention and at Zinna estab- 
lished the zinnafuss, or standard, with a thaler of 90 kreutzers, but only the 2/3, 1/3, 
and 1/6 thaler pieces were to be struck. The 2/3 thalers were equivalent to the older 
24 tnariengroschen pieces. 

A. D. 1690. Leipzig standard (Leipzigerfuss). Currentthaler , 12 to mark fine sil- 
ver^ 12 gute groschen. Only the 2/3, 1/3, and 1/6 currentthaler struck. Adopted by 
all out Luebeck and Hamburg, and became the imperial standard, reichsmuenzfuss, 
in 1738. 

A. D. 1753. Convention standard (Conventionsfuss). Thaler, 10 to mark of fine 
silver, established by Bavaria and Austria. Accepted by nearly all the States, but 
not by Prussia, for which Frederick II had established in 1751 the system with 
Frederick d'or and the reichsthaler of 10?? to mark of fine silver. 

A. D. 1808. Crown thaler standard ( Kronenthalerfuss) , in the southern States, and 
later adopted by the most of the country. 

A. D. 1838. Union standard (Vereinsmiinze). SI gulden (=2 thalers) and thaler, 
the former for the southern countries and the latter for the north. 

A. D. 1873. Imperial standard, gold rcichsmark, 900 thousandths fine, or about 1/3 
of old thaler. Silver, 5-mark piece 777 thousandths fine. 

Throughout most of their modern history the northern German countries have used 
the thaler as a unit of reckoning, whilst the southern countries have used the gulden. 

[Section 8.] 
Nos. 1 to 69 are what numismatists designate bracteates (from bractea, a thin plate 
or leaf of metal), very thin plated or washed base-metal coins with a type on but one 
side. These peculiar coins originated in Germany in the twelfth century. Their 
origin is not quite clear, but it is thought with reason that they were first made in 
answer to the increased demand for coined money by the Crusaders; for, being so 
thin and struck on only one side, they could be manufactured much more rapidly 
than the thicker and heavier denarii, which could be produced by the hand pro- 
cesses of the time only very slowly. The name "bracteate" is a modern and purely 
descriptive term for these coins; when in circulation they were known as pfennige or 
by some of the numerous forms of that name. 

Princely Houses and Subsequent States into which They 
were Erected. 

BADEN. 
MARGRAVIATE. 

112. AR. Thaler, 1766, of Carl Frederick, 1738-1805. Obv. CARO- 
LUS FRID. D. G. MARCHIO BAD. ET. H.; cuirassed bust to 
right. Rev. AD NORMAN CONVENTIONS; crowned arms 
supported by eagles. 



43 

GRAND DUCHY (1805-1870.) 

450. Alt. Kronenthaler, 1813, of Carl Ludwig, A. D. 1811-1818. 
Obv. GROSSHERZOGTUM BADEN; arms within ermine mantle. 
Rev. Within lanrel wreath, 1/KRONEN/THALER. 

452. AV. 10 Gulden, 1819, of Ludwig Wilhelm, 1813-1830. Obv. 
Bust to right. Rev . Within a wreath, arms and 10 G. 

459. AR. Kronenthaler, 1831, of Leopold, 1830-1852. Obv. Bust 
to right. Rev. Crowned arms supported by griffins. 

464. AR. Gulden, 1863, of Frederick, 1856-1907. Special issue com- 
memorating national rifle-match. Obv. Head of Duke to right. Rev. 
I. BAD. LANDESSCHIESSEN MANNHEIM 28 JUNI 1863; 
female figure standing. 

465. AR. Vereinsthaler, 1869. Head to left. — Arms within 
ermine mantle. (See also under German Empire, Sec. 11.) 

BAVARIA. 



114. AV. Ducat, undated, of Ludwig (1508-1545). Obv. 
LVDWIG. P. R. DVX BAVAR; shield of arms. Rev. Three 
shields of arms in triangular position. 

117. AR. Speciesthaler, 1694, of Maximilian Emanuel (1679-1726). 
Obv. Draped bust to right. Rev. CLYPEUS OMNIBUS IN TE 
SPERANTIBUS; Virgin and Holy Child. 

118. AV. Doppelducat, 1734, of Carl Albert (1726-1745). Bust to 
right; similar to No. 117. 

123. AR. Thaler, 1778, of Carl Theodore (1778-1799). Obv. Bust 
to right. Rev. PATRONA BAVARIAE; Virgin and Holy Child. 

KINGDOM OF BAVARIA ( 1806-1870). 

410. AR. Thaler, 1818, of Maximilian Joseph 1(1806-1825). Obv. 
Cuirassed bust to right. Rev. MAGNUS AB INTEGRO S^CLO- 
RUM NASCITUR ORDO; a large stone inscribed CHARTA 
MAGNA BAVARIA; exergue, XXVI MAII MDCCCXVIII. Dis- 
tributed to members of the first Bavarian Parliament, May 26, 1818. 

413. AR. Kronenthaler, 1826, of Ludwig I (1825-1848). Obv. 
LUDWIG KOENIG-VON BAYERN; head to right. Rev. 
GERECHT UND BEHARRLICH; a crown between laurel and oak 
branches. Edge, bayerischer kronthaler. 

During the reign of this king a large variety of commemorative silver thalers were 
struck to celebrate important events. The obverses are the same on all the speci- 
mens, the reverse only having the character of a commemorative medal. The entire 
series is in the Collection, some are as follows: 

417. Ditto, 1838. The royal family. Rev. Around, SEGEN 
DES HIMMELS; in center, medallion of the Queen, and around 
this eight smaller medallions of her children: (1) MAXIMIL — IAN 
P. V. B. (2) MATHILDE— P. V. B. (3) OTTO.— P. V. B. (4) 
ADELGUNDE— P. V. B. (5) LUIT.— POLD P. V. B. (6) 
HILDEGARD— P. V. B. (7) ADALBERT— P. V. B. (8) ALEX- 
ANDRA— P. V. B. (P. V. B.=Prinz or Prinzessin von Bayern.) 



44 

423. Ditto, 1835. Dedication of monument marking parting of 
Queen from Prince Otto. Rev. Representation of the monument. 

425. Doppelthaler, 1837. Monetary Union South German States. 
Rev. Female figure standing, holding scales and cornucopia. 

427. Ditto, 1842. Marriage of Crown Prince. Rev. Busts jugate 
of Crown Prince Maximilian and Princess Marie of Prussia. 

438. Vereinsthaler, 1859, of Maximilian II (1848-1864). Obv. 
Bust to right. Rev. EIN VEREINSTHALER-XXX EIN PFUND 
FEIN; arms. (See also under German Empire, Section 11.) 

Landau. 2 Florins, 8 Kreutzers, silver (1713). A square siege 
piece struck during siege of Landau by the French. In center, round 
coat of arms of duke of Wurtemberg; above, pro caes & imp; below, 
BEL; LANDAU/2 FL: 8 KR.; monogram in each angle. Reverse 
plain. 

PFALZ. 
[Palatinate.] 

217. AR. Thaler, 1660, of CarlLudwig, 1650-1680. Obv. Bust to 
right. Rev. DOMINVS PROVIDEBIT; shield of arms. 

220. AV. Ducat, 1757, of Carl Theodore (1743-1799). Obv. Nude 
bust to right. Rev. SIC FULGENT LITTORA RHENI; view of 
the city of Mannheim. 

223. Conventionthaler, 1766. Obv. Short bust to right. Rev. 
Crowned arms supported by lion. Karl Theodore became Elector of 
Bavaria in 1777 and thii3 united the Palatinate and Bavaria. 

BRANDENBURG ANSBACH. 

130. AR. Thaler, 1548, of Albert Alcibiades (1527-1557). Obv. 
ALBERT9 * D. * G.* MARCHIO*BRANDENBV. ; his bust r. Rev. 
SI* DE9*PRONOBIS*QVIS*CONTRA*NOS; cross with shields in 
angles. 

132. AV. Ducat, 1631, of Friedrich, Albert, and Christian. Obv. 
Three busts facing. Rev. Three shields of arms. 

134. AV. Ducat, 1769, of Alexander (1757-1791). Obv. PATRI 
PATRIAE DEVOTISSIMVS; placing heart on burning altar. 
Rev. Inscription. 

BRANDENBURG BEYREUTH. 

126. AR. Thaler, 1735, of Friedrich (1735-1763). Obv. Bust r. 
Rev. Crowned eagle on shield over trophy of arms. 

129. AV. Ducat, 1767, of Friedrich Christian (1763-1769). Obv. 
Margrave mounted r. Rev. Badge of Order of Red Eagle. 

BRAUNSCHWEIG-WOLFENBUTTEL. 

139. AR. Thaler, 1562, of Heinrich d. lunger (1514-1568). Obv. 
Bust to left. Rev. Wild man with uprooted tree in left, and shield 
of arms in right, hand. 

139. AR. Wespenthaler (Wasp Thaler), 1599, of Heinrich Julius 
(1589-1613). Obv. HEINRICUS. JULIUS. D. G. P. E. H. A. D> 






45 

B. ET L. 99.; twelve small shields of arms, each in laurel wreath, 
placed in form of a rose. Rev. A Hon sitting to left and stirring up 
a wasp's nest; ten of the wasps attack the lion, on whom the sun (rep- 
resenting the favor of Heaven) is shining and whom an eagle (the 
Emperor) crowns. The allegorical type of this piece has reference to 
the rebellion of ten noble families against the Duke, and their subju- 
gation through aid of the Emperor. 

140. AR. Pelikansthaler (or Patriothenthaler) f 1599, of same. Obv. 
Helmeted shield of arms supported by wild man. Rev. PRO- 
ARIS-ET-FOCIS, with bundle of arrows between the words; peli- 
can tearing open her breast and sprinkling with blood her four fledg- 
lings in nest. 

148. New Line of Wolfenbuttel. AR. IV. Glockenthaler (Bell 
Thaler), 1643, oi August (1598-1666). Obv. AUGUSTUS. HERZOG. 
ZU. BRAUNS: UND. LU: half-length bust. Rev. ALLES MIT 
BEDACHT 1643; a bell-clapper leaning on a block of stone, the lat- 
ter inscribed ap. 13 v. 10 in -f. (Rev. XIII, 10-" Here is the pa- 
tience and faith of the saints"); on the clapper, date, 13 K. MAI I 
(April 19). To celebrate the raising of the siege of Wolfenbuttel 
that had lasted from 1626 to 1643 August had a series of seven coins 
struck, whose types illustrate the hanging and ringing of a bell. 
Hence the name of the thaler piece, Glockenthaler. 

149. AR. VII. Glockenthaler, 1643. Obv. Legend as No. 148; 
shield of arms surmounted by five helmets. Rev. TANDEM PATI- 
ENTIA VICTRIX anno-1643; bell rung by three hands pulling on 
three cords; on the bell NU: PAC/EX. SO. EI9 (Nuncius Pads Ex 
Sono Eius=" Tidings of Peace From Its Sound); below, view of the 
city and fortress of Wolfenbuttel, and sun above. 

146. AR. Thaler, 1671, of Rudolph Augustus (1666-1685). Obv. 
D: G: RUDOLPH AUGUSTUS DUX BRUNS: & LU; his bust to 
left. Rev. IURE & ARMIS; open Bible resting upon a drum, which 
is the central piece of a trophy of military arms; on the Bible I 
maccabeorum, cap. 15 v. 33, 34. Exergue, 12iuny. 1671. A com- 
memorative thaler relating to the conquest of the city of Brunswick. 

148. AR. 3 Thaler, 1685, of same. Obv. Helmeted shield of arms. 
Rev. TU TANDEM ABIECTAM REDDES DEUS ALME SONO- 
RAM; near Lautenthal, Fortuna in long robe stands on a snail shell 
and plays a lute (the "Lautenschlagerin"); above, in Hebrew, 
" Jehovah "; to left, sun. Triple Ausbeute- Species-Thaler, or silver 
mining piece, referring to the successful operation of the mines of 
Lautenthal. 

149. AR. Speciesthaler, 1691, of Rudolph Augustus 6c Anton 
Ulrich (1685-1704). Obv. Helmeted shield of arms. Rev. Two wild 
men grasping uprooted trees. 

156. AR. Thaler, 1704. Obv. DIVA. ELISAB. IVLIA. D. G. 
DVC. BRVN. ET LVN. Bust of Elizabeth to right; below, NATA 
1634. DENATA 1704. Rev. The duchess resting upon a cloud 
that floats above the castle of Salzthalum; above, on streamer, 
DESERVISSE IVVAT. " Sterbethaler, " a medallic piece com- 
memorating the death of Elizabeth, the wife of Anton Ulrich. 



46 

157. AV. Ducat, 1717, of Ludwig Rudolph (1714-1731). Crowned 
arms. — Wild man. 

470. AV. 10 Thaler, 1813, of Friedrich Wilhelm (1806-1815). 
Crowned arms. — Value. 

471. AV. 10 Thaler, 1817, of Karl 11(1815-1830), while under the 
regency of Prince George, later George IV of Great Britain (1815- 
1823). Obv. GEORGIVS D.G.PRINC.REGENS; shield of arms. 
i?^.TVTOR.NOM.CAROLLDVCISBRVNS.ETLVN.; value and 
date. 

475. AV. 10 Thaler, 1825, of the same, as reigning Duke, 1823- 
1830. Crowned arms. — Value. 

477. AV. 10 Thaler, 1831, of Wilhelm (1830-1884)- Free horse.— 
Value and date. 

481. AR. Doppelvereinsthaler, 1855. Head to right. — Crowned 
arms within mantle. 

New line, Brunswick-Liineburg . — 168. AR. Reichsthaler, 1646, of 
Frederick 11(1636-1648). Bust to right. — Helmeted shield of arms. 

169. AV. Ducat, 1661, of Christian Ludwig (1641-1648-1665). 
Crowned shield of arms. — Free horse in wreath. 

171. AR. f Thaler, 1676, of John Frederick (1665-1679). Draped 
bust to left. — Palm tree upon a rock. 

175. AV. 5 Thaler, 1758, of Georg August (George II of England) 
(1727-1760). Shield of arms.— Horse. 

180. AR. Thaler, 1766, of Georg Wilhelm Frederick (George III of 
England, 1760-1814)- Crowned shield of arms — St. Andrew with 
cross. 

KINGDOM OF HANOVER. 

483. AV. 10 Thaler, 1814, of preceding as King of Hanover (1814- 
1820). Free horse. — Value. 

488. AV. 10 Thaler, 1829, of Georg August Frederick (George IV of 
England, 1820-1830). Head to left.— Value and date. 

490. AV. 10 Thaler, 1832, of Wilhelm Heinrich (William IV of 
England, 1830-1837). Head to right; round shield of arms, crowned. 

On the death of William IV, Hanover was separated from the crown of England, 
as the crown of the former could not pass to a female (Victoria) of the line. 

493. AV. 10 Thaler, 1838, of Ernst August, 1837-1851. Obv. 
ERNST AUGUST V. G. G. KOENIG V. HANNOVER; head to 
right. Rev. Crowned shield of arms within chain of Guelphic Order; 
around, ZEHN - THAL. - 1838. 

Hanover was annexed to Prussia in 1866. 

HENNEBERG. 

On the death of Georg Ernst (1583) his line became extinct and the Grafschaft of 
Henneberg passed to the house of Saxony. For a long time after the annexation 
the dukes of Saxony had a special coinage struck for Henneberg and Ilmenau. 

189. AR. Thaler, 1693. Helmeted arms. — Crowned hen. 



47 

HESSE-CASSEL. 

Landgraviate. — 191. AR. Speciesthaler, 1636, of Wilhelm V{1627- 
16S7). Obv. Crowned lion, rampant. Rev. IEHOVA VOLENTE 
HVMILIS LEVABOR; willow tree struck by blast of wind; above, 
" Jehovah" in Hebrew, and rays. 

193. AV. Pistole, 1771, of Frederick II {1760-1785). Obv. Bust 
to right. Rev. Order star. 

Principality of Hesse, 1802.— 203. AV. 5 Thaler, 1817, of Wilhelm I 
{the preceding) Elector {1802-6,1813-21). bv. Bust to right. Rev. 
Shield of arms; above, 5. THALER. 

538. AR. Vereinsthaler, 1858, of Frederick Wilhelm {1847-1866). 
Head to right. — Shield of arms within ermine mantle surmounted by 
a crown. 

Annexed to Prussia in 1866. 

HESSE-DARMSTADT. 

192. AV. Ducat, 1761, of Ludwig VIII {1739-1768). Four pairs 
of LL's, addorsed, crosswise. — Shield of arms surrounded by seven 
small escutcheons. 

Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, 1806.— 540. AR. Thaler, 1809, of 
Ludwig I {1806-1830). Obv. LUDEWIG GROSHERZOG VON 
HESSEN ; his bust to right. Rev. Shield of arms. 

541. AR. Kronenthaler, 1825. Bust to right; arms within ermine 
mantle. 

544. AR. Doppelvereinsthaler, 1839, of Ludwig II {1830-1848). 
Obv. Head to right. Rev. 3J GULDEN 2 THALER; within a 
wreath, VEREINS / MUNZE / 1839. (See also German Empire, 
section 11.) 

Landgraviate of Hesse- Homburg . — 742. AR. Vereinsthaler, 1860, of 
Ferdinand {1848-1866). Head to right. — Shield of arms within ermine 
mantle, surmounted by crown. 

The house of Hesse-Homburg became extinct in 1866 and the territory passed to 
the Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt. 

MANSFELD. 

Formed of portions of the electorate of Saxony and the archbishopric of Magde- 
burg; annexed to Prussian Saxony in 1780. The coins often bear the names of 
numerous members of the family, including on the same coin not only father and 
sons, but also cousins. 

213. AR. Thaler, 1582, of Peter Ernst, Johann Albert, Johann Hoy er, 
Bruno, and Hoyer Christoph. Helmeted shield of arms; St. George 
slaying the dragon. 

214. AR. Thaler, 1597, of Peter Ernst, Bruno, Hans Georg, and 
Peter. Similar to No. 213. 

NASSAU. 
A principality until 1806 when it was made a duchy; annexed to Prussia in 1866. 

560. AR. Thaler, 1813, of Friedrick Wilhelm, duke {1806-1816). 
Bust to right. — Crowned arms. 

89862°— 13 4 



48 

562. AR. Kronenthaler, 1817, of Wilhelm Georg (1816-1839). Obv. 
arms within ermine mantle, crowned. Rev. EIN / KRONEN / 
THALER in laurel wreath. 

563. Ditto, 1818. Bust to right. — Arms in mantle. 

570. AR. Vereinsthaler, 1864, of Adolph {1839-1866). Commem- 
orative of 25th anniversary -of reign. b v. ADOLPH HERZOG ZU 
NASSAU; laureated bust to left; on truncation, f. korn. Rev. 
ZUR FEIER 25 JAEHRIGER SEGENSREICHER REGIERUNG; 
within oak wreath, DEN / 21 AUGUST / 1864. 

PRINCIPALITY OF REUSS. 

Speciesthaler, and Vereinsthaler. 

DUCHY OF SAXONY AND POSSESSIONS. 

In 1485 this duchy and the possessions of the Saxon ducal house were divided 
between the two sons of Frederick II, Ernst and Albert, the former receiving the 
duchy of Saxony and the electorate, the latter obtaining portions of Misnia and 
Thuringia. 

A. ERNESTINE LINE (1485-1547). 

227. AR. Thaler, undated, of Frederick III, George, and John (1486- 
1526). Obv. FRIDERI:IOHAN:GEORGI: bust of Frederick III to 
right, wearing cap with flaps (Klappmiltze) . Rev. MON. ARGE. 
DVCVM SAXO. busts of John and George vis-a-vis, with flap-caps. 
A ' ' Klappmutzenthaler , ' ' flap-cap dollar. 

228. AR. Thaler, undated, of Johann der Bestandige and Georg (1526- 
32). Bust of John to right. — Bust of George to left. 

Saxe Altenberg.— 229. AR. Thaler, 1607, of the Four Brothers 
(1603-1625). Obv. busts of John Philip and Frederick, vis-a-vis. 
Rev. busts of John Wilhelm and Frederick Wilhelm II, vis-a-vis. 

Saxe Gotha. — 230. AR. Thaler, 1598, of John Casimir and John 
Ernst (1570-1633). Obv. half-length busts, vis-a-vis. Rev. shield of 
arms encircled by thirteen small shields. 

Saxe Weimer. — 231. AR. Thaler, 1582, of Frederick Wilhelm and 
John (1575-1602). Obv. Facing bust of Frederick. Rev. Facing 
bust of John. 

232. AV. Ducat, 1614, of The Eight Brothers. Obv. MONETA 
AYREA. 8. FRAT: DVC: SAX: busts of John Ernst, Frederick, 
Wilhelm, and Albert, facing. Rev. IVL. CLIV. ET. MONT. 
LINE.E. YINARI. busts of John Frederick, Ernst, Frederick Wil- 
helm, and Bernhardt, facing. 

233. AR. Thaler, 1611. Similar types to No. 232. 

In 1547 the Emperor Charles V. deprived John Frederick of the electorate, and the 
duchy was transferred to Moritz of the Albertine line. In 1556 the Elector August 
suppressed all the mints within his realms except the one at Dresden. 

B. ALBERTINE LINE. 

236. AR. Thaler, 1530, of Georg (1500-1539). Obv. NAW.MVNTZ. 
HERZOG. GEORGEN. ZV SAXE.; bust to left. Rev. NACH 
DEM ALTEN SCHROT VND. KORN.; five shield of arms placed 
in form of a cross. 



49 

237. AR. Thaler, 1555, of August {1553-1586). Bust to right. 
Rev. Helmeted shield of arms. 

241. AR. Klippethaler, 1615, of John George I {1611-1656). Half 
length figure of the duke; in outer angles, CHRISTUS-SCOPVS- 
VIT AE-ME AE . Rev . Arms . 

242. AV. Ducat, 1616. "Sophienducat." S C in monogram, 
crowned, over sword and scepter in saltire. Rev. I. H. S.; eye 
above. 

243. AV. Ducat, 1617. Luther centennial piece. VERBVM DNI : 
MANET. IN. AETERNVM; half length figure of John Georg; in 
field, IOH.-GEO. Rev. SECVLVM LVTHERANVM half length 
figure of Frederick III, Luther's protector; in field, FRID.-III. 

252. AR. Thaler, 1767, of Xaver, Prince regent (1763-68), for 
Fredrick Augustus III. XAVIERVS D. G. REG. PR. POL : & 
LITH : DVX SAX.; bust to right. Rev. Crowned shield of arms. 

264. AR. Thaler, 1790. "Vicariatsthaler." FRID.AVG. * * * 
VICARIVS IMPERII; bust to right. Rev. Double eagle. 

265. AR. Thaler, 1806. Ausbeutethaler. Cuirassed bust, draped, 
to right. Jlev. DER SEGEN DES BERGBAUES; shield of arms. 

KINGDOM OF SAXONY, 1806. 

575. AV. 10 Thaler, 1817, of preceding as King Frederick August I 
{1806-1827). FRID. AVGVST. D. G. REX SAXONIAE bust to 
right. Rev. Oval shield of arms. 

592. AV. 5 Thaler, 1839, of Frederick August II {1836-1854). 
FRIEDRICH AUGUST V. G. G. KOENIG. V. SACHSEN head 
to right. Rev. Arms. 

604. AR. Doppelthaler, 1858, of John, 1854-1873. Head to left. 
Rev. ZWEI VEREINSTHAELER (note error of "Thaeler" for 
Thaler). Arms in mantle. 

607. AR. Vereinsthaler, 1866. Head to left. Rev. SEGEN DES 
BERGBAUES. Arms supported by two men. (See also German 
Empire, section 11.) 

PRINCIPALITY OF WALDECK AND PYRMONT. 

AR. Kronen thaler, 1824, of Georg Heinrich. Value and crown. 
Rev. A tree. 

SCHWARZENBERG. 

620. AR. Speciesthaler, 1696, of Ferdinand and Maria Anna. 
Busts jugate. Rev . Two shields of arms in mantle. 

STOLBERG AND WERNIGERODE. 

Gold ducat of Ludwig {1544-1574), and Speciesthaler of Wolfgang 
George {1612-1631). 



50 

KINGDOM OF WESTPHALIA. 

398. AY. Pistole (10 Thaler), 1810, of Jerome Napoleon (1807-1813), 
Obv. HIERONYMOUS NAPOLEON; crowned shield of arms. 
Rev. KOENIG VON WESTPHALIEN FR. PR.; value and date. 

402. AR. Conventionsthaler, 1812. Bust to right. — Value and 
date. 

DUCHY OP WURTEMBERG. 

271. AV. Halbducat, 1732, of Eberhard Louis (1677-1733). Bust to 
right,— Shield of arms, CUM DEO ET DIE. 

273. AR. Thaler, 1760, of Carl Eugen (1737-1793). Draped bust 
to right; Garnished shield of arms. 

KINGDOM OF WURTEMBERG. 

G18. AR. Kronenthaler, 1810, of Frederick I, (1805-1816). Bust to 
left. — Shield of arms supported by lion and stag. 

621. AV. 5 Gulden, 1825, of Wilhelm I (1816-1864). Bust to right. 
Shield of arms within oak wreath. 

626. AV. Kronenthaler, 1833. Obv. Bust to right. Rev. HAN- 
DELS FREIHEIT DURCH EINTRACHT; female figure standing 
to left, holding parchment in r., and caduceus in 1., hand; in front 
of her reclines river-god; in field, two cornucopiae. 

628. AR. Doppelthaler, 1869, of Carl I (1864-1891). Com- 
memorating restoration of Ulm Cathedral. Head to right. — ZUR 
ERINNERUNG AN D. WIEDERHERSTELLUNG D. MUEN- 
STERS IN ULM; view of the cathedral. (See also German Empire, 
Section 11.) 

COINS ISSUED BY CITIES. 

The conditions of medieval society in Germany made it necessary for the emperor 
to grant the right of coining money to vassal princes, archbishops and bishops, and 
later, when sufficiently developed, also to numerous cities. This right was enjoyed 
by some of the cities for but a short time; the coinages of others were extensive, and 
are often of great interest, while a few cities have retained the right to coin money 
until the present time. 

AUGSBURG. 

276. AV. Ducat, 1623. Ferdinand II. Obv. AVGVSTA VIN- 
DELIC; armsofcity: fircone. Rev. FERDINANDVS: II. ROM. 
IMP. P. F. AVG.; imperial double eagle. 

277. AR. Speciesthaler, 1694. Leopold I. Shield of city arms 
supported by river-gods. — Imperial eagle. 

BREMEN. 

Imperial coinage. — 275. Bil. Half Grote, undated. MO. NO. 
REIP. BREM. Key. Rev. SANCT. PETRUS St. Peter seated 
facing, holding sword and key. 



51 

284. AY, Double Ducat, 1667, of Leopold I DUCAT. NOV. 
AURE. REIPUBL: BREMENSIS arms of Bremen. Rev. 
LEOPOLD: D. G. ROM. IMP., etc. Emperor standing holding 
scepter and orb. 

Free city of Bremen.— bOb. 36 Grote, 1846. FREIE HANSESTADT 
BREMEN city arms. Rev. 36/GROTE/1846. 

514. AR. Thaler, 1865, commemorating the II. National Rifle 
Match. Crowned arms; below, EIN THALER GOLD. Rev. 
ZWEITES/DEUTSCHES/BUNDES-/SCHIESSEN/IN BREMEN/ 
1865. 

515. AR. Thaler, 1871, commemorating the peace of 1871. Ob- 
verse as No. 514. Rev. ZUR ERINNERUNG/AN DEN/GLOR- 
REICH/ERKAMPFTEN/FRIEDEN/VOM 10 MAI/1871. 

FRANKFORT ON THE MAIN. 

Frankfort was the usual place of electing and crowning the Roman-German em- 
perors, and there is an interesting series of Election coins (Wahlmunzen) struck to 
commemorate the events. 

305. AY. Election Ducat of Matthias, 1612. MATTHIAS. IN. 
REGEM. ROMA ELECTUS. A°. 1612. The emperor seated facing, 
holding sword and orb. Rev. Seated winged figure crowned by 
an eagle. 

307. AV. Election Ducat of Francis II, 1792. Laureated bust to 
right. Rev. Sword, scepter, and crown on altar. 

519. AR. Doppelgulden, 1848, commemorating Meeting of the Con- 
stituent Assembly of the Germanic Confederation. CONSTITUIR- 
ENDE VERSAMMLUNG I(n). D(er). F(reien). STADT FRANK- 
FURT 18. MAI 1848. Double eagle. Rev. BERATUNG U. 
GRUNDUNG E. DEUTSCHEN PARLAMENTS 31 MARZ 1848. 
Frankfort eagle. 

520. AR. Doppelgulden, 1848, commemorating selection of Arch- 
duke Johann as Regent of the Empire. Obverse similar to No. 519. 
Rev. In field, ERZHERZOG/JOHANN/VON/OESTERREICH+; 
around, ERWAHLT ZUM REICHSVERWESER UBER 
DEUTSCHLAND D. 29 IUNI 1848*. 

521. AR. Doppelgulden, 1855. Commemorating Third Centennial 
of Religious Freedom. Obv. Crowned eagle. Rev. ZUR/DRIT- 
TEN/SACULARFEIER/DES/RELIGIONS/FRIEDENS/VOM 25 
SEPT/1555-1855. 

HAMBURG. 

309. AV. Ducat, 1644. MONETA NO. HAMBVRG Madonna, 
crowned, and Holy Child. Rev. AVE. PLEN. GRACIA 1644. 
Similar to obverse. 

310. AR. 16 Schillinge, 1726, of Charles VI. HAMBURGER, 
CURRENT GELDT. Arms. Rev. Double eagle. 

See also under German Empire, section 11. 



52 



MAGDEBURG. 



320. AV. Ducat, 1679, of Ferdinand I. Arms of the city: a maid 
(Magde) upon city wall {Burg). Rev. Double eagle. 

321. AR. Thaler, 1617. Luther anniversary piece. Double eagle. 
Rev. Busts, vis-a-vis, of Luther and Huss. 



NORDLINGEN. 

323. AV. Ducat, undated, of Frederick IV. St. John standing. 
Rev. Imperial orb within a treasure. 

NUREMBERG. 

324. AV. Florin, undated, of Frederick and Sigismond. St. John, 
standing, facing. Rev. Cross, with shields of arms in angles. 

325. AV. Florin, undated. Eagle. Rev. St. Lawrence with 
grill. 

332. AV. Ducat, 1700, commemorating beginning of the century. 
SAECVLVM NOVVM CELEBRAT RESP. NORIBERGENSIS, 
Three shields. Rev. Lamb standing on globe. 

The J, |, J, and -^ ducat pieces that follow form a series with the 
same types as 332. 

Imperial coinage of Nuremberg. — 340. AR. 30 Kreutzer, 1573, of 
Maximilian II. Two shields of arms. Rev. Double eagle. 

344. AR. Speciesthaler, 1757, of Francis I. Arms of the City. 
Rev. Bust of Francis. 

REGENSBURG. 

349. AV. Ducat, of Francis I. SIBI CONSCIA RECTI. View 
of the city; below, RATISBONA (Regensberg) . Rev. Mailed bust. 

STRALSUND. 

351. AR. 2/3 Thaler, 1707. Miter, value and date.— Cross. 

STRASSBURG. 

352. AV. Ducat, undated. Madonna and Holy Child— 
AVREVS. VRBIS. ARGENTINAE. NVMMVS; city arms. 

353. AR. Thaler. Lily.— Arms. 

ULM. 

355. AR. Halb thaler, klippe (square), 1704. Siege piece. Obv. 
Garnished shield of arms; Rev. DA. PACEM. NOBIS. DOMINE. 
1704; double eagle. 



53 
AECHBISHOPS AND BISHOPS. 

ARCHBISHOPRIC OF BREMEN. 

357. AV. Florin, undated, of Heinrich I. (1463-1496). St. Peter 
standing. — Shield of arms. 

BISHOPRIC OF COBLENTZ. 

359. AV. Ducat, undated. St. John seated. — Arms. 

ARCHBISHOPRIC OF COLOGNE. 

361. AV. Florin, undated, of Dietrich II (14H-H63). St. Peter 
standing. — Four shields of arms, placed crosswise. 

366. AR. Thaler, 1666, of Maximilian Heinrich {1650-1688). Bust 
to right. — Shield of arms. 

ARCHBISHOPRIC OF MAINZ. 

369. AV. Ducat, undated, of John Adam (1601-1604). St. 
Martin. — Shield of arms. 

371. AR. Thaler, 1671, of Johann Philip (1729-1732). Bust of the 
archbishop to right. — Shield of arms. The so-called ' 'Sortengulden. ' ' 

BISHOPRIC OF MUNSTER. 

374. AR. 24 Mariengroschen, 1692, of Frederick Christian (1688- 
1706). Crowned shield of arms. — Value within a circle. 

BISHOPRIC OF OSNABRUCK. 

376. AR. Thaler, 1687, of Ernst August (1662-1698). Bust to 
right— SOLA BONA QUAE HO-NESTA.ANNO.M.DCXXXXVII. 
— Shield surmounted by five helmets. 

BISHOPRIC OF PADERBORN. 

378. AR. Thaler, 1685, of Hermann Werner (1683-1704). St. 
Anthony of Padua holding the Holy Child, and about to be crowned 
by the Madonna. — Shield of arms surmounted by five helmets. 

BISHOPRIC OF REGENSBERG. 

380. AR. Thaler, 1787, of the Vacant See. REGNANS CAPIT- 
VLVM * * * * SEDE VACANTE. MDCCLXXXVIL— St. 
Peter seated in a small boat; around, fifteen small shields of arms. 



54 

ARCHBISHOPRIC OF SALZBURG. 

381. AV. Ducat, 1640, of Paris (1619-1653). Shield of arms.— St. 
Rupert seated. A Klippe (square) ducat. 

382. AR. Thaler, 1628. Medallic thaler commemorating the dedica- 
tion of the cathedral. Obv. ECCLES(iae). METROP (olitanae). 
SALISB (urgensis) DEDICATVR, 25 SEPT (embris) A PARIDE. 
ARCHIE (piscopo); cathedral borne by the patron saints of the 
diocese above clouds; below, arms. Rev. S. S. RVPERTVS. ET 
VIRGILIVS. PATRONI. TRANSFERVNTVR. 24 SEPT; a reli- 
quary borne by eight bishops; beneath, two angels. 

384. AR. Thaler, 1682, of Maximilian Gandolphus (1668-1687). 
Commemorates the 1100th anniversary of the founding of the Arch- 
bishopric. Obv. A MAX :GAND:£r COMIT: etc.; garnished shield 
of arms surmounted by tasseled hat; at sides stand patron saints. 
Rev. ANNO M. DC. LXXXIL FUNDATI ARCHIEPISCOPAT9 
SALISB: VNDECIMO S^ECULO *; five saints standing facing; 
below, s. s. martin9 ep: vincenti9 M.:(artyr) hermes u:(artyr) 

CHRYSANTH9 ET DARIA MM: TRANSLATI. 

388. AR. Conventionsthaler, 1754, of Sigismund (1753-1771). 
Madonna and Holv Child appearing in clouds; above, MONSTRA 
TE ESSE MATREM.— St. Rupert seated to left. 

BISHOPRIC OF SPEIER. 

392. AV. Ducat, 1770, of August (1770-1797). Arms within an 
ermine mantel. — Pallas standing between two figures representing 
Justice and Peace. 

ARCHBISHOPRIC OF TREVES (TREIER). 

394. AV. Florin, undated, of Werner (1388-1418). St. John stand- 
ing facing. — Arms. 

BISHOPRIC OF WURZBURG. 

395. AR. Speciesthaler, 1693, of Johann Gotfried (1684-1698). 
Helmeted shield of arms over sword and scepter — St. Killian. 

396. Florin, undated, of Johann Philip (1719-1724). Bust three- 
quarter facing.— ORE/ET CORDE/S. P. Q. W./SVBM. OFFERT; 
below, arms in cartouche. 

399. Ducat, 1764, of Adam Frederick (1757-1779). Bust to right; 
Dval shield of arms. — fLorebore DIVIVo hoC gerMIne paCIs; a 
crowned figure standing toward whom dove of peace flies. Date in 
chronogram, that is the large capitals in the legend are Roman 
numerals, the sum of which is 1764. 



55 

Prussia, 
a. — duchy op brandenburg. 

634. AR. 3 Groschen, 1545, of Albert von Brandenburg {1525-68). 
Head to right. — Inscription. 

635. AR. 2/3 Thaler, 1688, of Frederick Wilhelm (1640-1688). Cui- 
rassed bust to right. — Crowned shield of arms 

B. — KINGDOM OF PRUSSIA, 1701. 

640. AV. Doppel Fredericks d'Or, 1750, of Frederick II (1740- 
1786). FREDERICVS BORVSSORVM REX; bust to right. Rev. 
An eagle perched on trophy of military arms. The Prussian gold 
ducat, while also struck by Frederick I, gets its name Friedrichsd' Or 
from Frederick II. 

646. AR. Reichsthaler, 1750. Bust to right. — Eagle perched on a 
trophy of arms. 

670. AR. Thaler, 1832, of Frederick Wilhelm III (1797-1840). 
Obv. Head to right. Rev. SEGEN DES /MANSFELDER 
/BERGBAUES. " Ausbeutethaler" from silver from Mansfield 
mines. 

674. AR. Doppelvereinsthaler, 3^ Gulden, 1840. Bust to right. 
Shield of arms within ermine mantle surmounted by a crown. 

689. AR. Kronungsthaler, 1861, commemorating the coronation of 
Wilhelm I. and Augusta. Obv. WILHELM KOENIG-AUGUSTA 
KOENIGIN v. PREUSSEN; their crowned busts, jugate, to right. 
Rev. SUUM CUIQUE-KROENUNGS-THALER 1861; eagle and 
crowned W's and A's placed on the lines of a cross with R's in 
angles. 

The German Empire, 1871. 

[Section 11; upper case.] 
The German Imperial Government issues no coins, the right of coinage having 

been left with the several States. 
This right is exercised, however, in conformity with the imperial monetary law, 

and all coins issued by the States have on one side the imperial eagle and the legend 

DEUTSCHES REICH; the other side bears either the State's coat of arms or the 

effigy of its sovereign. 
Specimens of all or nearly all of the other twenty-five States will be found in section 

11, arranged in alphabetical order of the States. 

704. AV. 20 Mark, 1872, of Wilhelm 1, 1871-1888. Obv. WILHELM 
DEUTSCHER KAISER KOENIG v. PREUSSEN; head to right. 
Rev. DEUTSCHES-REICH; imperial eagle. 

705. AR. 5 Mark, 1874. Similar to preceding. 

719. AR. 5 Mark, 1901, of Wilhelm II, 1888-. Commemorating the 
200th anniversary of the Kingdom of Prussia. Obv. FRIEDERICH 
I. 1701— WILHELM II. 1901; their busts, conjoined, to left. Rev. 
As No. 704. 

722. AR. 3 Mark, 1908. Head to right.— Eagle. 

The German imperial monetary system established in 1871 provided for 5, 2, and 
1 mark silver pieces; also 50 and 20 pfennig pieces in silver, but embraced no piece 
that was equivalent to the long-used thaler. In 1908 a 3-mark piece, about equivalent 
to the old thaler, was added to the series. 



56 

AUSTRIAN ARCHDUCHIES. 

Archduchy of Austria. — AR. Thaler, 1479, of Maximilian I. MAX- 
IMILIAN^*). MAGNANIM9(u*)'. ARCHIDVX. AVSTRIE. 
BVRGVND* Laureated bust to right; in field, ETA-TIS 19 (age 19). 
Rev. MARIA. KAROLI. FILIA. HERES. BVRGVND. BRAB. 
CONIVGES* Bust of Mary of Burgundy to right; in field, ETAT-IS 
20 (age 20); below, 1479. This medallic thaler, schauthaler, is 
usually reckoned as a coin, though it is evidently more of a medal 
than a coin. The piece is famous as one of the first coins to have 
the date in Arabian numerals. 

Tyrol. — AR. Guldengroschen, 1486, of Sigismund {1439-1496). 
SIGISMVNDVSi-ARCHIDVX . AVSTRIE. The archduke, 
crowned, standing full face, with scepter in left, and sword in 
right, hand; in field, left, lion supports arms of Austria, right, a 
helmet. Rev. A knight, full armed, galloping to right; beneath 
horse, 1486; around, 16 escutcheons. (See Introduction.) This is 
a specimen of the first known issue of the thaler or dollar, though a 
thick pattern of small module was struck in 1484, and also a Halb- 
thaler, of which a specimen is shown. 

EMPERORS OF THE ROMAN-GERMAN EMPIRE. 

70. AR. Reichsgulden, 1559, of Ferdinand I {1556-1564). Crowned 
bust r. Rev. Double eagle. 

71. AR. Guldenthaler, 1570, of Maximilian II {1564-1576). 
Crowned bust to right. Rev. Double eagle. 

73. AR. Reichsthaler, 1611, of Rudolph II {1576-1612). Bust r. 
Rev. Double eagle. 

The two following pieces in honor of the emperors Maximilian I, 
Charles V, and Ferdinand I, were probably struck by Rudolph II: 

74. AV. 5 Ducats, undated. MAXI. I. CARO. V. ET FERD. 
D. G. ROM. OES. REG. HISP. Crowned busts of the three 
emperors, facing to right. Rev. Double eagle, with arms of Austria 
on breast. 

79. AR. Speciesthaler, 1641, of Ferdinand III {1637-1658). 
Struck in Styria. Laureated bust r. Rev. Round shield of arms. 

81. AR. Speciesthaler, of Leopold I {1658-1705). Tyrol. Lau- 
reated bust r., with mask on shoulder. Rev. Tyrolean eagle. 

85. AR. Conventionsthaler, 1786, of Charles VI {1711-1740). 
Shield of supported by griffins. Rev. AD NORMAM CONVENT. 
1766. 

90. AR. Thaler, 1780, of Maria Theresia {1740-1780). Bust of 
the empress wearing mourning veil, to right; the double imperial 
eagle. This Thaler, bearing the date of 1780, is known as the 
Levantine Thaler, because it is accepted throughout much of the 
Orient. It is still struck by Austria for export to Abyssinia., Ashan- 
tee, and to China, and always with the date of first issue, namely, 
1780. 

94. AR. Thaler, 1763, of Francis I {1745-1765). Medallic piece 
commemorating end of Seven Years' War. Double eagle. Rev. 



57 

BENEDICTUS DOMINUS QUI DEDIT PACEM IN FINIBUS 
NOSTRIS; female, crowned, with olive branch in left hand, and 
with right placing sacrifice on altar. 

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 

[Section 11; lowercase.] 

In 1806 Francis II renounced the title of Emperor of Germany for that of Francis I, 

Emperor of Austria, a title he had actually taken as early as August, 1804. Thus 

ended the titular existence of the Holy Roman Empire and began that of the present 

Empire of Austria- Hungary . 

During the short life of the present empire coins have been struck on three dif- 
ferent systems. Until 1857 the gold ducats and silver thalers were issued on the 
standard established in agreement with Bavaria in 1753; in 1857 Austria joined the 
German Monetary Union and struck the vereinsthaler and doppelvereinsthaler in 
silver and the gold krone for circulation in all the countries adhering to the union; 
and for circulation in Austria only, florins in silver and ducats in gold with various 
multiples of the kreutzer in billon and copper. At the same time Austria reserved 
for herself the right to strike the Levantine thaler, the thaler bearing the date 1780 
and also the bust of the empress Maria Theresa, a coin that circulates freely in several 
oriental countries. In 1892 a new system with the gold krone as unit was adopted 
and the coins issued are the gold 20, and 10 kronen, silver krone, and kreutzer pieces 
in nickel and copper. The Levantine thaler is still issued. 

1. AV. 4 Ducats, 1830, of Francis I {1806-1835). Laureated bust 
to right. — Double eagle. 

29. AR. Vereinsthaler, 1857, of Francis Joseph I (1848-). 
Laureated head to right. — Double eagle. 

37. AR. 2 Gulden, 1879, commemorating 25th anniversary of mar- 
riage of the emperor and Elizabeth, of Bavaria. Obv. FRANC. 
IOS. I. D. G. AVSTR. IMP. ET. HVNG. REX. AP.* ELISA- 
BETHA. IMP. REG.; their busts conjoined, to right. Rev. 
QVINTVM MATRIMONII. LVSTRVM. CELEBRANT. XXIV. 
APRILIS. MDCCCLXXIX; a female figure seated to left, holding 
a helm in right, and a cornucopia in left hand. 

38. AV. 20 Kronen, 1892. Laureated head. — Double eagle. 

51. AV. 100 Kronen, 1908, commemorating the 60th anniversary of 
the emperor's reign. Obv. Nude bust to right. Rev. A female 
figure reclining on clouds, her left arm resting on arms of Austria, 
her right extending a wreath; above, 1848-1908-100 COR(onae); 
below, DVODECIM LVSTRIS/GLORIOSE PERACTIS. 

54. 5 Kronen, 1908, commemorative of same event. Obv. Same as 
No. 51. Rev. Dancing girl with laurel branch in right hand. 

PRINCIPALITY OF LICHTENSTEIN. 

56. 5 Kronen, 1904, of John II. Bust to right. — Crowned shield of 
arms in wreath. 

BOHEMIA. 

1. AR. Grossus, undated, of John I (1309-1346). A crown — 
GROSSI PRAGENSES; a lion. Bohemia was the first country to 
follow the reform of coinage begun by France. In 1300 king Wenzel 
II summoned engravers from Italy and had the grossus (Ger. Groschen) 
engraved after the model of the gros tournois. 

2. AR J Thaler, 1619, of the Revolted Protestant States. Obv. 
MONET A REGNI BOHEMIAE; a crown. Rev. IN DEO FORTI- 



58 

TUDO ; a lion. Struck by the protestant States whose revolt precipi- 
tated The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648). 

3. AE. Thaler, 1519, of the Counts of Schlick. LVDOVICVSg 
PRIM0°D°GRACIA o R o (ex) BO°(hemiae); the Bohemian lion. 
Rev. AR°(ma)DOMI°(norum) SLI°(ckorum) STE°(fani) ET FRA° 
(trum) CO°(mitum) D°(e) B°(assano); St. Joachim standing to left. 
Struck at Joachimsthal, and, because somewhat lighter than the 
guldengroschen (the first " dollar") issued in Tyrol, it and the nu- 
merous issues of other princes on the same standard were called 
Joachimsthaler; this was soon shortened to thaler whence dollar, daler, 
dollaro, etc. 

HUNGARY. 

TRANSYLVANIA. 

This country was a Hungarian principality from 1004 till 1526, when it became inde- 
pendent. In 1699 T. was by treaty made a part of the German Empire. It is now an 
Austrian province. 

TMlers and ducats of Sigismund Bathori (1581-1596), Gabriel Bethlen (1613-1629), 
George Rakoczy (1649-1658), and of Michael I (1662-1668). 

KINGDOM OF HUNGARY. 

The monetary history of Hungary begins with Stephen,who founded the monarchy, 
embraced Christianity and received from the Vatican the title of Apostolic King, a title 
still held by the king of Hungary (Emperor of Austria). 

1. AE. Denier, of Stephen I {997-1038). A cross— CIVITAS 
REGIA(i. e. Gran); a cross. 

3. AE. This copper piece of Bela IV (1235-1260), is of similar size 
and style to Byzantine coins which had become common in Hungary 
following the Mongol invasion of 1241-42. Obv. REX BELA-REX 
STS.; Bela and his son Stephen seated facing. Rev. The Madonna 
seated facing. 

6. AV. Ducat, undated, of Matthias Corvinus (1458-90). Madonna 
and Holy Child. — St. Ladislas. 

10. AV. Ducat, 1549, of Ferdinand (1540-1563), the first king from 
the house of Austria. Virgin and Child. — St. Ladislas. 

22. AR. Halb thaler, 1704, of the " Malcontents" who revolted fol- 
lowing treaty of Carlowitz, 1699. Obv. MO. NOV. ARG:-REG (ni): 
HVNG (ariae); garnished shield of arms, crowned. Rev. Madonna 
and Holy Child, with crowns and aureoles, in clouds; around, 
PATRONA-HVNG:1704. 

23. AV. Ducat, 1724, of Charles VI (1712-40). The emperor 
standing to right. — Madonna and Child in clouds. 

41. AV. 10 Francs, 1870, of Francis Joseph (1848-). Head to 
right. — Crowned shield of arms. 

59. AV. 100 Kronen, 1907, commemorating 40th anniversary of 
coronation of Francis Joseph as King of Hungary. Laureated head 
to right. Rev. " Fortieth Anniversary of Coronation"; coronation 
scene. Engraved by Rudolf F. Marschall, of Vienna. 

60. AR. 5 Kronen, 1907. Similar to No. 59. 

Zara, Dalmatia. Obsidional 4 Francs 60 Centimes, 1813. Besieged 
by the French. Obv. In lozenge-shape cartouche, a crowned eagle 
standing on thunder-bolt; at sides of eagle, ZARA-1813. Rev. 
1.0./4F. 60 C. 



59 

SCANDINAVIAN COUNTRIES. 

DENMARK. 

[Section 12. 
The earliest coinages of Denmark were issued by the Anglo-Danish kings and show 
a distinctly English influence. The coins are also interesting because of their ecclesi- 
astical character, the church having shared monetary rights with the sovereign. Of 
the later coins those of the civil wars of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries are 
second only to the historical pieces that mark the confusion of the state in the 
fifteenth, sixteenth, and seventeenth centuries. 

130. AV. Ducat, 1645, of Christian IV (1588-1648). King crowned. 
Rev. IUSTUS IUDEX. The "Just Judge" type. 

131. AR. Double Daler, 1645, of same. Bust to right. Rev. 
Fourteen escutcheons. 

133. AR. Klippe (square) piece, 1648, of Frederick 111(1648-1670). 
Laureated bust. Rev. Vase of flowers. 

135. AR. Daler, or 4 Mark, 1659, of same. Struck to commemorate 
the repulse of the Swedes from Copenhagen. Monogram F3, crowned; 
beneath, a memorial cairn which divides the word EBEN-EZER. 
Rev. SOLI DEO-GLORIA ("The glory to God only"). Hand 
thrust from clouds with sword severs from arm a hand that reaches 
for a crown; beneath the crown, ii Feb. 

150. AV. Christian d'or, 1773, of Christian VII (1766-1808). 
Bust: Royal monograms, crowned. 

159. AV. Double Friedrichs d'or, 1827, of Frederick VI (1808-39). 
Head 1. Rev. Value and date. 

160. Ditto. Reverse, crowned arms. 

181. AR. Sterbedaler, 1848, of Frederick VII (1848-63), relating to 
death of his father, Christian VIII. Bust of Frederick VII. Rev. 
Bust of Christian VIII r.; DOD DEN 20 JANUAR 1848: "Died 
January 20, 1848. " 

201. AR. Double Riksdaler, 1863. Christian IX, relating to death 
of Frederick VII Head of Christian IX r. Rev. FREDERIK VII, 
etc. DOD DEN 15 NOVEMBER 1863. Head r. 

204. AR. 2 Kroner, 1903. Commemorating 40th anniversary of 
reign. Bust r. Rev. Female figure seated 1. 

Schleswig-Holstein. — 222. AR. Speciesdaler, 1788, of Christian 
VII (1766-1808). Bustr. Rev. Crowned arms. 

NORWAY. 

Coinage in Norway began much later than in other north European countries. 
Norway and Northumbria in England long had a common coinage. For most of 
her later history Norway was a dependent of Denmark or Sweden and coins struck 
for her were indicated by the crossed hammers or other similar means. Her inde- 
pendence under Hakon VII, 1905, is marked by a silver 2- Kroner piece (No. 124). 

SWEDEN. 

The early coinage of Sweden was often interrupted for considerable periods of time 
and not until comparatively late times did it become abundant. For a while Sweden 
issued the thin "pennies" known as "bracteates" and in large numbers. In the 
reign of Gustavus Vasa, 1523-1560, the first really artistic coins were struck by Sweden, 
and from that time the artistic character of the series has been unsurpassed. Finan- 
cial stress has had much to do with the history of this coinage, as is shown below 
under Nos. 18 and 33. The first Swedish gold was struck by Gustavus Adolphus II, 
or in the year of his death, 1632. 



60 

Section 12. 

1. Sal vator thaler, silver, 1545, of Gustavus I, Vasa (A. D. 1523- 
1560), the deliverer of Norway from Sweden. Obv. Crowned bust. 
Rev. Christ standing facing; SALVATOR MUNDI, etc., "Savior 
of the world, help us. " 

3. Ducat, gold, 1623, of Gustavus Adolphus II, the Great (A. D. 
1611-1632). Bust to right. — Crowned shield of arms. 

7. Salvatorthaler, silver, 1642, of Christina (A. D. 1633-1654). 
Bust to left; similar to No. 1. 

15. Ducat, gold, 1714, of Charles XII {A. D. 1697-1720). Bust of 
king to right. Rev. Royal monogram. 

18-25. Daler tokens, copper, 1715, 1716, 1717, and 1718. These 
Necessity coins, in copper and of very slight value, were issued for 
the silver Daler during the years 1715-1719. The defeat of Charles 
XII by Peter the Great of Russia in the battle of Pultava in 1709 
had completed the financial ruin of Sweden; and the minister, 
Georg Heinrich von Schlitz, the Baron Goertz, undertook to restore 
the country by means of the still more ruinous resort to this token 
money. The types of the pieces are, on obverse, a crown, figures 
of Hope, Mars, Mercury, Saturn, Phoebus, and finally one bearing 
the effigy of Goertz, for which audacity one sometimes reads that 
he suffered the death penalty. But it is rather true that this "Don 
Quixote of the North" met his fate for the financial disasters which 
his foolish policy heaped upon Sweden. 

33-36. ''Plate Money." These large pieces were first issued in 
the reign of Christina (1633-1654) and continued until Gustavus III 
(1771-92). They are stamped with the indication of the intrinsic 
value of the metal. The purpose was to utilize with greatest profit 
possible the large output of the copper mines. 

The " Daler" of these pieces is the Royal Bank Daler, not the 
Species Daler. 

41. Riksdaler Species, silver, 1797, of Gustavus IV (A. D. 1792- 
1809). 

42. 4 Ducats, gold, 1848, of Charles XIV (A. D. 1818-1844). 

THE NETHERLANDS. 

Belgium.— Like its political history, the history of the coinages of this small por- 
tion of Europe is exceedingly varied. The coinages of the southern portion begin 
with the feudal issues of Brabant, Luxemburg, Flanders, and many other smaller 
counties, duchies, and fiefs, partly included in the Belgium of to-day, followed by 
the issues, usually from local mints, of the foreign conquerors, Austrians and Span- 
iards from the beginning of the fifteenth to the end of the eighteenth centuries, and 
of the Kingdom of Holland, 1806-1810. at the time of the French Revolution; and, 
finally, in 1831 came the separation from the Netherlands and the coinage of the 
Kingdom of Belgium. 

Holland.— The coinages of the northern provinces may be divided into a small 
number of historical periods, though each period comprehends many series of coins 
of which some are of great interest and importance. The chief periods are: First, 
the feudal coinages of the several counties and towns; second, the confederate coin- 
ages of the United Provinces (1579-1795)', third, the federal coinage of the Batavian 
Republic (1795-1806); fourth, the coinage of the Kingdom of Holland (1806-1810); and 
fifth, the coinage of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, since I8I4. 

(A) Brabant.— 1. AR. Philippusdaalder, 1557, of Philip II, of 
Spain. Bust r. Rev. Crowned shield of arms over cross. 



61 

2. AR. Double Ducaton, 1619, of Albert and Isabella {1598-1621). 
Busts, accolated, to right. Rev. Arms. 

5. AR. Quadruple Daalder, 1625, of Philip IV (1621-1665). Cross 
of Boulogne, crown and date. Rev. Crowned arms. 

(B) United Belgian States (1789-1900).— 20. AR. Lion d'argent, 
1790. Lion. Rev. Arms of the 11 provinces. 

(C) Kingdom of Belgium, 1831.— 1. AV. 40 Francs, 1835, of 
Leopold I, A. D. 1831-1865. Bust with wreath of oak. Rev. 40 / 
FRANCS / 1835. 

HOLLAND. 

20. AR. 40 Stuiver, 1578. Siege piece of Amsterdam, when block- 
aded by the United Provinces. 

(A) The United Provinces (1579-1795).— -22. AR. Leeuwandaalder 
(Lion Dollar), 1585, of Holland. Helmeted warrior. Rev. Lion 
rampant. 

31. AR. Riksdaalder, 1696, of Zeeland. Warrior standing r. by 
crowned shield. Rev. CONCORDIA RES PARVAE CRESCUNT 
Crowned shield of arms; three rosettes above. 

44. AV. Rijder, 1763, of Utrecht. Horsemen. Rev. Crowned 
arms. 

46. AR. 3 Gulden, 1682. Liberty standing and grasping Liberty 
Pole in her r. hand, HANC TVEMVR (This we guard), and leaning 
with left uppn the Bible, HAC NITIMVR (On this we rely), the 
legend running round margin. Rev. Crowned arms. 

60. AR. 12J Stuiver, 1672. Square siege piece of Gronigen. 
IVRE ET TEMPORE. Crowned arms. Rev. Plain. 

62. AR. Daalder, 1672. Broad commemorative piece relating to 
siege of Gronigen. SIT SVMMA GLORIA etc. and inscription in 
field. Rev. View of beleaguered city. 

63. Daalder, 1672. Similar. Rev. Storming of Coeverden. 

(B) Batavian Republic (17 9 5-1 806). —§b. AR. Rijksdaalder, 1802. 
Struck at Utrecht. Warrior standing. Rev. Crowned arms. This 
commonwealth continued the types used by the United Provinces. 

(C) Kingdom of Holland (1806-1810).— 66. AV. Ducat, 1809, of 
Louis Napoleon. Bust to left. Rev. Crowned arms. 

From 1810 to 1814 the Netherlands were annexed to France. 

(D) Kingdom of the Netherlands, since 1814- — 67. AV. 10 Gulden, 
1837, of William I (1814-1 840). Bust 1. Rev. Crowned arms. 

117. AR. Gulden, 1892, of Wilhelmina, 1889. Bust of Queen as 
a child, to left. Rev. Shield of arms. 

121. AR. 2\ Gulden, 1898, of same. Mature bust of queen. 

SWITZERLAND. 

[Section 14.] 
The earliest independent coinage of what is now Switzerland was struck by the 
several cantons. In 1798 the cantons formed the Helvetic Republic under the pro- 
tection of Napoleon. The cantonal coinages ceased during the short life of this re- 
public, 1798-1803, and the central government issued the currency. In 1803 the 19 
cantons destroyed the republic and resumed their local coinages, bound together 
under a confederate constitution. In 1848 the cantons again formed a federal re- 
public, and reestablished a federal coinage on the decimal principle. In 1865 Switzer- 
land joined the Latin Monetary Union. 



62 

10. AR. Thaler, 1494, of Berne, St. Vincent— Bear and eagle 
beneath arch. 

24. AR. Doppelthaler, 1741, of Basle. View of the City. Rev. 
Basilisk holding shield. 

48. AE. 6 Sols, 1590, of Geneva. Arms of Geneva on sun. Rev. 
POVR LES SOLDATS DE GENEVE 1590. Necessity coinage of 
Geneva during war with Savoy; afterwards the copper pieces were 
redeemed with good coin. 

50 and following, coins of Helvetic Republic (1798-1803). 

53 and following, coins of the Confederate cantons (1803-48). 

77. AV. 20 Francs, 1900, of Confederate republic, 1848. Bust of 
Helvetia I, with Alps in background. Rev. Shield of arms. A 
beautiful coin by Landry. 

96 and following, 5-Franc pieces struck to commemorate the 
national rifle matches. 

THE BALKAN STATES. 

The early coinages of these states ceased with their conquest in the 10th and 11th 
centuries; the modern coinages of Bulgaria, Greece, Montenegro, Roumania, and 
Servia are of recent origin and of small interest. The coinage systems are cased 
upon that of the Latin Monetary Union. 

RUSSIA. 

[Section 15. 

For centuries after the other countries of Europe had provided themselves with a 
coinage sufficient for their needs Russia coined no money of her own, and the business 
of the country was carried on largely by the primitive means of barter, the exchange 
of one commodity for another, and by means of the most primitive forms of money, 
chief of which were the skins of various animals. 

The skins of the marten, the ermine, and especially of the squirrel were for several 
centuries a common form of money in Russia. A writer of the latter part of the 
twelfth century states that " Squirrel skins are the current money of the Russians." 
For purposes of currency the skins had to have the feet and claws of the animal still 
attached. A little later, or perhaps contemporary, strips of stamped leather came 
into use as money. The use of small skins and stamped bits of leather for money 
remained in Russia until the year 1700, when the ukase of Peter I (the Great) pro- 
hibited the circulation of leather money. The oval form of the earlier metallic 
money, such as the denga of Ivan III, Vasilievitch, in the case, probably recalls 
the skin money that preceded. 

The sweeping character of the reform of the coinage made by Peter the Great will 
be readily seen by comparing the splendid coins of that monarch with the miser- 
able and insignificant coins of his predecessors. 

1. Denga, silver, of Ivan III, Vasilievitch (1462-1505). Legend on 
both sides. 

2. Denga, of the same. Grand duke mounted. — Legend. 
4. Denga, of the same. St. George and dragon. — Legend. 

15. Polpoltinniki, or quarter-rouble, silver, 1655, of Alexis Michael- 
ovitch (1645-1676). A necessity piece produced by countermarking 
a portion of a foreign coin. When his treasury had been exhausted 
by the heavy drain of the war with Sweden and Poland this Czar 
resorted to the use of foreign coins to supply his needs. Thus 
thaler s, half and quarter thalers, produced by cutting the thaler , were 
countermarked and put into circulation. 

16. Rouble, silver, 1721, of Peter I, the Great (1689-1725). Bust- 
Double eagle. This was one of the earliest issues of larger silver 
coins in Russia, though patterns of a rouble had been made at Moscow 



63 

as early as 1707. Yet the Denga, the small oval silver coin of pre- 
ceding czars, continued to be issued down to 1704. 

17. Double-rouble, 1722, of the same. Bust to left.— Four IPs, 
(letter P) in form of cross with numeral I in angles. 

21. Kopeika, copper, 1718, of the same. The copper kopeika, or 
kopek, was first coined in 1711. 

30. Double-rouble, gold, 1756, of Elizabeth (1741-1761). 

35. Imperial (10 roubles), gold, 1778, of Catherine II (1762-1796). 

PLATINUM COINS. 

From 1828 to 1845 Russia coined platinum in the denominations of imperial (12 
roubles), half-imperial (6 roubles), and quarter-imperial (2 roubles). The wide fluc- 
tuations in the value of the metal made it impossible to continue the coinage in the 
metal. At the present time platinum is worth about twice as much as gold. 

66-69. 12, 6, and 3 rouble pieces, platinum, 1832, 1831, respec- 
tively, of Nicolas I, 1825-1855. 

111. Coronation Rouble, silver, 1883, of Alexander III (1883-1894). 
Beneath bust, " Crowned at Moscow/ 1883" 

Russian East Prussia. — 145. Tympf, silver, 1761, of Elizabeth. 
Bust to right. Rev. Crowned eagle, displayed; below, 6 EIN R(eichs) 
TH(aler) COUR(ant). 

Siberia. — 146. 10, 5, 2, and 1 Kopek pieces. Crowned monogram. — 
Shield supported by sables. 

For Russian Poland and Finland see upper case, toward bottom. 

FINLAND. 

Prior to the conquest of the country by Sweden in the middle of the twelfth century 
the currency of Finland was evidently composed largely of skins; the coins of Sweden, 
sometimes struck at Abo, the ancient capital of Finland, were current in the country 
until it was taken by Russia in 1809. It is now a grand duchy of Russia, the Czar 
being the grand duke. A law of the Finnish parliament of August 9, 1877, estab- 
lished a monetary system that is very nearly the same as that of the Latin Monetary 
Union. 

The unit is a markkaa, a coin that corresponds closely to the franc. 

1. 20-Markkaa, 1878, of Alexander 11(1855-1881). Russian arms.— 
Value and date. 
2-3. 2 and 1 Markkaa, silver, 1865. Eagle. — Value and date. 

POLAND. 

The early form of money or circulating medium in Poland consisted of the skins 
of certain animals, as in Russia; but in Poland it seems probable that instead of the 
entire skins only the scalps were employed for monetary purposes, a purely token 
money, as the scalps could have no such intrinsic value as might attach to the whole 
skin in a land where fur is extensively used. Metal coins, chiefly silver, date from 
the beginning of the tenth century. These were the small Esterlings or Denars; and 
such was the coinage of Poland until the beginning of the sixteenth century, when, 
under the prosperous reign of Sigismund 1, 1506-1548, an improvement of the coinage 
was made— nearly two centuries after similar progress had started in western Europe. 
Hebrew and Arabic legends are often found on the early coins of Poland, a fact due 
to the large influence of those two races in the country at that time. 

Since the partition of the country in 1772 and 1793 the coinage, if any, for the various 
parts belong with the countries that seized Poland. 

1. Denar, silver, of Boleslas IV (1146-73). The duke seated facing 
on a throne. Rev. Male figure standing 1. 

89862°— 13 5 



64 

4. Ternar, silver, of Ladislas III (1434-44)- Patriarchal cross. — 
Eagle. 

13. Denar, silver, 1508, of Sigismund I (1506-1548). Crown. — 
Eagle. In the preceding year, 1507, Polish coins were first dated; 
and soon thereafter statements of value were added. 

Elected monarchs. — 18. Thaler, silver, 1629, of Sigismund III (1587- 
1632). Crowned bust. — Crowned shield of arms. 

39. Thaler, silver, 1649, of John Casimir (1648-1668). Half-length 
figure of the King, to right. — Crowned shield of arms. A rather rare 
piece. 

48. Election-Ducat, 1697, of Augustus II (1697-1709-1733); elec- 
tor of Saxony. Obv. The King mounted. Rev. Date of election 
to crown of Poland. 

49. Coronation-jeton, 1733, of August 111(1733-1763), also Elector 
of Saxony. Obv. A crown. Rev. Legend, giving date of corona- 
tion, etc. 

57. Ducat, 1785, of Stanislas II, Augustus (1764-1795), resigned; 
the last monarch of independent Poland. Obv. Bust to right. 
Rev. Legend in wreath. 

Grand Ducky of Warsaw (1807-1815).— 69. J thaler, silver, 1814, 
of Frederick Augustus (1807-1815). King of Saxony, made grand 
duke of Warsaw by Napoleon. Obv. Bust to right. Rev. Crowned 
arms. 

The Kingdom of Poland, erected out of Grand Duchy of Warsaw by 
Russia— 154. 5-Zlote, 1829, of Alexander I (1815-1825). Bust to 
right. — Double eagle. 

150. 5-Zlote, 1829, of Nicolas 1(1825-1855). Obv. "Alexander I, 
Emperor of Russia, restorer of the Kingdom of Poland in 1815." 
Bust right. Rev. "Nicolas I, Emperor of all the Russias, Reigning 
King of Poland." Russian eagle. 

Republic (1830-1 83 i).— 153. 5-Zlote, silver, 1831. Obv. Crowned 
arms of Poland and Lithuania. Rev. Value in oak wreath. 

Poland as a Russian Province. — 157. 3-Rubles, 20 Zlote, gold, 
1838. Russian arms. — Value. 

158. 1J Rubles, 10 Zlote, silver, 1833. Types similar to last. 



AFRICA. 
INDEPENDENT STATES. 

[Section 16.] 

Empire of Ethiopia, or Abyssinia. — The Levant Thaler, 1780, of 
Austria, English rupees, and ingots of salt formed the currency until 
1893, when a new coinage with dollar as unit was introduced, though 
the former moneys are still current. Types: Bust of King with 
tiara; Crowned lion holding banner. 

Liberia. — 1. AR. Quarter-dollar. Types similar to those of United 
States silver of same date: Seated Liberty, and eagle. 

Morocco. — 1. Methkal, of El Gharb. Arabic inscriptions. 

Zanzibar, Sultanate of. — AR. Dollar, 1883. Native inscriptions. 

South African Republic. — The Transvaal employed the English 
monetary system. 1. AV. Pond, 1892. Bust of President Krue- 
ger 1. — Arms of the Republic, the ox-wagon with thills. 

3. AR. 5 Shillings, 1892. Same types as last. 

4. Ditto, but the ox-wagon has pole. The engraver's blunder of 
putting thills instead of a pole to the ox-wagon which formed a part 
of the national arms nearly led to a revolt against the administration. 

Orange Free State. — Bronze Penny, 1883. 

Congo Free State. — 1. AR. 5 Francs, 1887, of the sovereign Leopold 
II. Head 1. — Belgian arms. 

EUROPEAN COLONIES. 

The more or less extensive colonies of England, France, Germany, 
and Portugal use money based generally upon the currency of the 
controlling country. Some of the denominations are native and 
several bear native types. Of special interest are the 5 Franc piece, 
1891 , of the Grande-Comoro, with the sacred arms on obverse, and 
the prowling lion on coins of Sierra Leone. 

Native money. — Iron ring money, gold shell, stated to have come 
from Africa; and Ike, four short lances of bronze, bound together with 
leathern thongs. 

Section ^.—Miscellaneous collection of minerals, gold and silver nuggets and ore, 
a touch-stone, and of gold and silver treasure-ornaments gold and silver treasured in 
the form of armlets and anklets. 

(65) 



WORTH AMERICA. 
UNITED STATES. 

Including the Colonial and Revolutionary Periods. 

Prior to the American Revolutionary War and for some years thereafter the 
currency of this country was of a very heterogenous character; for it was made up 
largely of English and Portuguese-Brazilian gold coins, Spanish-American silver, 
chiefly from the mint at the City of Mexico, and of copper coins of which a large pro- 
portion were provided by speculators acting with or without authority of the Crown. 
At an earlier period the Indian wampum had been a legalized currency in some of 
the colonies, and also bullets, beaver skins, tobacco, and other commodities; and in 
1652 Massachusetts had also established a mint to strike silver, but after an existence 
of about thirty years this was suppressed by England. During the period of the 
Confederation, from the treaty of peace in 1783 to the adoption of the national Consti- 
tution in 1789, some of the States attempted to provide a much-needed supply of 
copper coins for their citizens; but their efforts, which were somewhat successful, 
came to an end with the establishment of a Federal mint and coinage. 

When in 1782 the Congress first took up the problem of establishing a national 
coinage the English system of pounds, shillings, and pence, was nominally in use in 
the various States, but the actual currency, apart from foreign coins, was paper, 
and in hardly two of the States did the pound have the same value. After consider- 
ing a rather elaborate system for the proposed coinage, with a unit that would be 
easily convertible into current unit of the various States, a system proposed by 
Morris, the distinguished financier of the Revolution; and after rejecting it because 
unit would have been a money of account of exceedingly small value (1/1440 of a 
Spanish dollar), Mr. Jefferson proposed that the unit be a dollar equivalent in value 
to the Spanish "milled dollar" then generally in circulation in all the States. This 
proposition was accepted, and at the same time the decimal system was adopted for 
the new coinage and the dollar divided into ten dimes of ten cents each. 

A coinage of gold was also provided for with the denomination of eagle, and its 
half, and quarter, of the value of ten, five, and two-and-a-half dollars respectively. 
The term "eagle" is derived from the reverse type of the piece, which the law pre- 
scribed should be an eagle. On the first coinage of gold that bird is represented 
naturalistically, as it is in the latest designs. 

PRIVATE GOLD COINS. 

[Section 24, left end of tray.] 

These gold coins were struck by private enterprise, first in Georgia and North 
Carolina about 1830, then later at various places in the Ear West following the dis- 
covery of gold in California and other Western States. In the latter region the private 
" coinage" was simply a convenience, a sort of necessity coinage. At first large pay- 
ments were met in the mining regions by the use of gold in nugget or dust form, the 
latter put up in phials, weighed and marked with the value of the contents, a very 
inconvenient form of circulating medium. When the mechanical appliances could 
be secured the gold was converted into a coin form for greater convenience, and not 
chiefly for profit, if for the latter purpose at all. These communities had an abundance 
of Mexican silver coins, so that there was no need to coin gold dollars, half and quarter 
dollars, and the coins of these denominations were evidently made for the profits 
that could be realized by their sale to tourists. They continued to be coined long 
after the issue of other denominations had ceased. 

PRIVATE COINERS AND SPECIMENS OF THEIR COINS. 

Georgia: Templeton Reid. 10 Dollars, undated. TEMPLETON 
REID-ASSAYER; in field, TEN/DOLLARS. Rev. GEORGIA/ 
GOLD. Rare. 

(66) 



67 

North Carolina: Christopher Btchtler, Rutherford ton. 5 Dollars, un- 
dated. C. BECHTLER ASSAYER, and inner circle, RUTH- 
ERFORD COUNTY. Rev. NORTH CAROLINA GOLD; in 
field, 5/DOLLARS/20/CARATS/150. G./. Rare. 
August Bechtler, son of preceding. 
California: San Francisco: 

(a) Baldwin and Company. 

(6) Cincinnati Mining and Trading Company. 10 Dollars, 1849. 
Bust of Indian chief, with feather bonnet. Rev. CALIFORNIA 
TEN DOLLARS. An eagle flying, carrying shield. 

(c) August Humbert. Fifty Dollars, 1851. Octagonal. 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. An eagle standing upon a 
rock; below, FIFTY DOLLS.; on the eight sides, AUGUSTUS- 
HUMBERT-UNITED-STATES-ASSAYER-OF GOLD-CALI- 
FORNIA-1851. Rev. Engine turning. 

(d) Kellogg and Company. 

(e) Miner's Bank. 

(/) Moffat and Company. 16-dollar bar, undated. MOFFAT 
& CO./20| CAR AT/$16. 00/. Rev. Plain. 

(g) Norris, Grieg, and Norris. 

(h) Pacific Company. 10 Dollars, 1849. An eagle flying, carry- 
ing olive branch and hammer. Rev. Liberty Pole encircled by 
rays and stars. 

(i) Templeton Reid. Identical with the Reid of Georgia. 

(j) United States Assay Office. 

(k) Wass, Molitor & Co. 50 Dollars, 1855. Diademed head of 
Liberty. Rev. SAN FRANCISCO CALIFORNIA-WASS MOL- 
ITOR & CO.; in wreath 50/dollars. 
At Sacramento : /. S. Ormsby. 10 Dollars, undated. UNITED 
STATES OF AMERICA-CAL.; in field, J. S. O. Rev. 10/dolls. 
Oregon: Oregon City. Oregon Exchange Co. 10 Dollars, 1849. In 

field, 10.D.20.G(iM/2VS)/NATIVE/GOLD/TEN D. R&V. K. M. T. R. C. S. 

— o. T./1849. A beaver. 
Colorado, Denver: 

(a) Clark, Gruber & Co. CLARK, GRUBER & CO. An eagle. 
Rev. PIKES PEAK GOLD Pikes Peak; beneath, Denver/ 
TWENTY D. 

(fe) /. /. Conway. 10 Dollars, undated. J. J. CONWAY-& 
CO-BANKERS. Rev. Within circle of stars, 10; around, PIKES 
PEAK-TEN DOLLARS. (Apparently unique.) 

(c) John Parson & Co., Tarry all Mines. 5 Dollars, undated. 
Eagle. — Quartz mill; below, ORO. 
Utah: Mormon Church, at Salt Lake City. 20 Dollars, 1849. HOLI- 
NESS TO THE LORD Eye beneath mitre. £ei;.G.S.L.C. P.G. 
(" Great Salt Lake City Pure Gold"). Two hands, clasped. 
5 Dollars, 1860. "Holiness to the Lord" in cipher; recumbent 
lion. 

Rev. DESERET ASSAY OFFICE. PURE GOLD. Eagle, with 
beehive on breast. 

Deseret was the earlier name of the State of Utah. 



68 

PATTERNS FOR U. S. COINS. 

[Right end of case.] 

These patterns represent suggestions for coins, of which a few have been adopted. 
They exhibit a great variety of artistic achievement; and many of them are the results 
of monetary theories which have been proposed on occasions of financial stress. 

They are arranged chronologically and referred to by date. 

1792. Half-disme (dime). LIB(erty) PAR(ent) OF SCIENCE & 
INDUSTRY Bust of Liberty. Rev. UNI. STATES OF 
AMERICA Flying eagle; below, half/disme. The first 
issue of the U. S. mint. 

1814. Platinum Half-dollar. The origin of this piece is not known. 
It probably represents nothing more than an experiment in 
working platinum. 

1836. Pattern of a silver Dollar, the coinage of which was about to 
be resumed after an interruption lasting from 1803 or 1804. 
Obv. Liberty seated; no stars around border. Rev. An eagle 
in flight amid a constellation of 26 stars, representing as many 
States of the Union. 
Gold Dollar. ^ Obv. Liberty cap in a, glory. This type un- 
doubtedly imitates the similar design on the Mexican coins 
then in common use in our country. Rev. Value and date in 
wreath. 

1850. "Ring Dollar. " The central hole was probably intended to 
increase the diameter of the piece, in order to meet the objec- 
tion to the small size of the gold dollar. 

1856. "Flying eagle," or "White Cent"; a somewhat rare pattern. 

1863. Two-cents. Obv. Bust of Washington; around, GOD AND 
OUR COUNTRY, one of the earlier suggestions of a religious 
motto for the coins, which later took the form of "In God 
We Trust." 

1865. Patterns of the coins, with the motto, "In God We Trust." 
The regular issue of the following year bore the motto. 

1866-1867. Nickel Five-cent pieces, including one pattern with the 
bust of Lincoln. This denomination was added to the series 
of coins in 1866. 

1868. Pattern in aluminum of a proposed international gold coin, 
with value of five dollars, or Twenty -five francs. 

1871. Dollar. Types in very high relief; and from the seated female 
figure, with feather bonnet, generally known as "The 
Indian Queen" dollar. 

1873. Trade-dollars. Six different designs. 

1874. "International gold coin," value of 10 dollars and bearing 

statements of equivalent values for Great Britain, France, 
Germany, Austria, and the Netherlands. 
1877. Fifty-dollar pieces, gold and bronze. The heads on these two 
gold pieces are different, while reverse sides are the same 
as that of the bronze piece between them. Both types are 
very similar to the double-eagle. Each specimen is supposed 
to be unique. The question of adding such large pieces 
to the country's series of coins was never seriously con- 
sidered. 



69 

1878. Patterns for the silver Dollar issued in 1878. 

"Goloid Dollar," so called because made of a composition of 
gold and silver, the composition being 1 part, or 40 cents, 
gold, 24 parts, or 60 cents, silver, and one-tenth alloy. The 
definite object of such an experiment can only be surmised. 
It was a failure, as the presence of gold can not be detected 
by the eye. 

1879. "Stella" ($4.00), gold. Head of Liberty; around, *6*G*.3*S* 

.7*C*7*G*R*A*M*S*. Rev. Star (Stella), ONE/STELLA/400/ 

CENTS 
"Goloid Twenty Dollars." An entire series of the so-called 

" Goloid " coins was proposed. (See under 1878.) 
"Goloid Metric Dollar." 
1882. Patterns for the nickel Five-cent piece issued in 1883. Also 

Five-cent and One-cent pieces of 1884 with useless central 

hole. 
1885. Dollar, with edge inscribed E PLURIBUS UNUM. 
1896. Patterns for nickel Five-cent and One-cent pieces. 

1906. Pattern, gold, for new Double-eagle, by Mr. Barber. 

PATTERNS OF GOLD COINS BY MR. SAINT-GAUDENS. 

1907 . (1) Eagles ; trial pieces from the first die, without raised borders . 

1907. (2) The same, with raised borders. 

1908. (1) Double-eagle; from first die, and with very high relief. 

(2) From same model, but diameter reduced to that of the 

eagle. Only specimens(?). 

(3) First issue, with these types; middle relief. 

1910. Five-cents, nickel, with bust of Washington; five varieties. 

COINS OF CONFEDERATE STATES OF AMERICA, 1861. 

It appears that after seizing the mint at New Orleans, steps were taken by the 
Confederate government to coin money, and a reverse die for a Half-dollar was 
made, with which it was apparently intended to employ the obverse type of the 
Half-dollar then in circulation. Tradition has it that only four specimens were 
struck. 

1689. Half-dollar, 1861. A United States Half-dollar of 1861, struck 

on reverse with a die copied from an alleged Half-dollar of 
the Confederate States of America. Rev. Arms of the Con- 
federate States of America — a shield argent seven pales gules, 
chief azure seven stars, four and three; crest, Liberty Pole; 
the whole within a wreath of cotton and palm. 

1690. Cent, 1861. Privately coined. Obv. CONFEDERATE 

STATES OF AMERICA; head of Liberty to left, with liberty 
cap adorned with six stars on band. Rev. Within a wreath 
of cane, cotton, and wheat, 1/CENT. Size, 12. 

[Lower case.] 
Indian Wampum. — (a) Specimens of the wampum used by north- 
ern Indians. The long beads are made from shells. 

(b) Specimens of heavier wampum made of bone, from near St. 
Louis, Mo. 



70 

COINS AND TOKENS OF THE AMERICAN COLONIES. 

The Mint at Boston, Massachusetts: 1. Shilling, undated. Obv. 
N. E. (=New England). Rev. XII, the mark of value, Twelve 
pence. 

2. Shilling, 1652. Obv. An oak tree; around, MASATHVSETS 
IN. Rev. NEW. ENGLAND ANO DOM— 1652. 

3. Shilling, 1652 Similar legends; type, a pine tree. The types of 
the remaining shillings, the sixpence, and the threepence are similar 
to the last. All are dated 1652, though the mint was active for sev- 
eral years (1652-1683). 

Coinage of Lord Baltimore for Maryland. — 12. Shilling. Obv. 
Bust of Lord Baltimore. Rev. Shield of arms. Also sixpence, 
groat, and a copper piece called denarium. 

TOKENS STRUCK FOR USE IN THE COLONIES PRIOR TO THEIR INDE- 
PENDENCE. 

The u Rosa Americana" tokens. — These pieces were made in 
England by one William Wood, under a patent from the crown. 
They did not meet with favor, and the patent was later surrendered 
for a consideration. 

17. Twopence, 1722. Obv. Bust of George I. Rev. Fullblown 
rose. 

18. Twopence, 1723. Similar to the last, but rose is crowned. 
Carolina Token. — 16. Penny token, 1694. Elephant. Rev. 

GOD PRESERVE CAROLINA AND THE LORDS PRO- 
PRIETORS. 

Thelligley Tokens, Granby, Connecticut. — 23. Threepence, bronze, 
undated. VALUE .ME. AS. YOU. PLEASE. Deer standing to 
left; beneath, III. Rev. I. CUT. MY. WAY. THROUGH, A 
broad -ax. The first words of the legend, I CUT, are apparently a 
play upon the final syllables of the name Cormed-i-cut. 

COINAGE OF THE STATES AND OF THE CONFEDERATE CONGRESS, 

1783-1789. 

Connecticut. — 29. Cent, bronze, 1785. Others are dated 1786 and 
1787. 

Massachusetts. — 34. Cent, bronze, 1787. An eagle displayed. 
Rev. An Indian standing, holding bow and arrow. 

37. Half-cents, 1787 and 1788. Type similar to No. 34. 

New Jersey.— Cent, bronze, 1786. NOVA CAESAREA. Horse's 
head, to right. Rev. E. PLURIBUS. UNUM. Shield. 

43. Cent, bronze, 1788. Similar to last, but horse's head to left. 

Vermont.-A*. Cent, bronze, 1786. VERMONTENSIUM. RES. 
PUBLICA. Pine covered mountains, behind which rise sun; 
below, plough. Rev. STELLA. QUARTA. DECIMA. All- 
seeing eye. 

46. Cent, bronze, 1786. AUCTORI :— VERMON : Laureated bust 
to right. Rev. INDE(pendentia) ET LIB(ertas). Liberty seated 
to left. 



71 

THE CONGRESS. 

In order to supply the country with coins of small denomination, the scarcity of 
which seems to have constantly hampered retail trade, and at the same time to sup- 
plant the large amount of wretched tokens that were constantly worked into circula- 
tion by speculators, the Congress took steps to issue copper cents; but the project was 
apparently never carried out, although the contractor— for the coins were to be made 
by a contractor — did coin a considerable quantity of the pieces. 

47. "Fugio" Cent, 1787. Obv. UNITED STATES on a small 
raised circle; within the circle, WE/ARE/ONE, around, thirteen 
rings interlinked. Rev. A sun-dial on which the hours are indi- 
cated, and a meridian sun above; to left, * FUGIO *, to right, 
* 1787 *; exergue, MIND YOUR/BUSINESS. 

49. Similar to No. 47, but the rings on the obverse are inscribed 
with the names of the States. 

PATTERNS AND TOKENS WHICH ORIGINATED IN THE PERIOD 
BETWEEN THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE AND THE 
ESTABLISHMENT OF A COINAGE BY THE REPUBLIC. 

50. Pewter. Pattern dollar, 1776. Obv. Between two circles, 
AMERICAN CONGRESS; within the inner circle, WE/ARE/ONE; 
around the outer circle, rays which extend to an endless chain of 
thirteen round links, each inscribed with the name of one of the 
original States of the Union; on border, pellets. Rev. CONTINEN- 
TAL CURENCY 1776; the type is similar to the reverse type of 
No. 47. 

51. Similar to last, but reading CONTINENTAL CURRENCY, 
i. e. with two R's in CURRENCY. 

52. Similar to No. 50, but signed by the artist E. G. FECIT, i. e., 
one "E. G. made it." 

Chalmers, Annapolis, Md. — 54 to 55a. Tokens in silver issued by 
I. Chalmers, at Annapolis. 

The " Nova Constellatio" Coppers. — The thirteen States formed 
the "New Constellation" which the designer of this type had in 
mind. 56. Cent token, 1783. Obv. NOVA CONSTELLATION. 
An eye in a glory, surrounded by a circle of thirteen stars. Rev. 
LIBERTAS * JVSTITIA. Within a laurel wreath, U. S.; below, 
1783. 

The u Bar Cent." — 58. Cent token, undated. Obv. In a plain 
field, U. S. A. Rev. Thirteen bars. 

The "Immune Columbia." — 59. Guinea, gold, 1785. Obv. Simi- 
lar to No. 56. Rev. IMMUNE COLUMBIA; Columbia, seated to 
right, holding Liberty Pole in right hand and scales in left; below, 
1785. 

This piece is struck over an English Guinea of George III, which 
was dated 1775. Unique. 

Private coinage of Ephraim Brasher, a jeweler of New York. — 
63. Doubloon, gold, 1787. Obv. * NOVA * EBORACA * COLUM- 
BIA * EXCELSIOR * The sun rising above a mountain; in front, 
sea; below, BRASHER. Rev. * UNUM * E * PLURIBUS; an 
eagle displayed, with shield on breast; on right wing, EB; below, 
1787. 



72 

64. Necessity piece. Mexican Peseta of 1785 countermarked 
EB by Brasher. 

68. "Kentucky Cent;' undated. Obv. E PLURIBUS UNUM; 
a pyramid of fifteen stars, each inscribed with the name of a State, 
the one at top inscribed K(entucky), whence the name given to the 
piece. Rev. UNINIMITY IS THE STRENGTH OF SOCIETY; 
a hand extending a parchment inscribed OUR / CAUSE / IS / JUST. 

TOKENS AND PATTERNS FOR COINS WHICH PRESENT THE LIKENESS 
OP WASHINGTON. 

It is almost certain that some of these pieces were made by those 
who advocated strongly that the likeness of the President should 
appear on the coins of the country; while others are nothing more 
than tokens, and some are very likely only medalets. 

70. Cent, 1783. Obv. WASHINGTON & INDEPENDENCE. 
Draped bust of Washington, laureated, to left; below, 1783. Rev. 
UNITY STATES OF AMERICA; within an olive wreath, ONE / 
CENT; beneath the wreath, 1 / 100. 

72. Cent, 1783. On reverse, UNITED STATES and Liberty 
seated by the sea, holding olive branch and Liberty Pole. 

77. Cent, 1791. Obv. WASHINGTON PRESIDENT. Bust in 
uniform, to left; below, 1791. Rev.. A spread-eagle; in beak, a 
scroll inscribed UNUM— E PLURIBUS; above, ONE / CENT; edge, 
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 

85. Cent, 1792. Obv. WASHINGTON PRESIDENT I. Bust 
of W. to left. Rev. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. A spread- 
eagle. 

THE NATIONAL COINAGE, 1793. 

The coins of our country are here arranged chronologically, and 
any particular coin, if in the collection, may be found by simply 
referring to the year of its issue. 

The following table shows the period in which the different 
denominations were issued, or might have been lawfully issued; 
but certain denominations were not struck in some years or a term 
of years for reasons often now unknown : 

COPPER AND BRONZE. 

Half-cent, copper, 1793-1857. Similar to cent. 

Cent, (1) Copper, 1793-1857. The head of the goddess of Lib- 
erty on the earlier issues of the Cent and Half-cent are imitated 
from the one on the medal by the French artist Dupre, made to 
commemorate the successful close of the struggle for independence. 
From 1840 to 1857 almost the same head is found on the Cent and 
Half-cent that was employed for the Eagle. Both are by the same 
engraver, Kneass. 

(2) Copper-nickel, 1857-1864. The Cents of 1857 and 1858 are 
popularly known as the " Flying eagle Cent" and all from 1857 to 
1864 as the "White Cents"; in 1858 the type of Liberty with a 
feather bonnet was first used; it* was designed by Mr. J. B. Long- 



73 

acre, whose signature, L., is on the end of the ribbon in the back 
hair. 

(3) Bronze, 1864-1909. The type of Liberty head with the feather 
bonnet is preserved throughout this period. (4) 1909. The bust of 
Mr. Lincoln on obverse is the work of Victor D. Brenner, whose sig- 
nature, V. D. B., occurs on the first issues of 1909. 

Two-cents, bronze, 1864-1873. Obv. Garnished shield. Rev. 
Value in a wreath. Designed by Mr. Longacre. The first coins 
issued bearing the motto, In God We Trust. 

NICKEL. 

Five cents, 1866 to present time. The first issue, with shield and 
value 5, was designed by Mr. Longacre. The present piece, 1883, 
was designed by Mr. C. E. Barber. 

Three cents, 1865-1889. Head of Liberty— Numeral III. 

SILVER. 

Dollar, 1794-1804; 1840-1904: (1) 1794, bust of Liberty with loose 
hair. Rev. Naturalistic eagle. (2) 1795, bust of Liberty with hair 
tied back. Rev. Eagle, similar to last. (3) 1799, bust of Liberty 
similar to last. Rev. Eagle, displayed, with shield on breast — an 
adaptation of the Great Seal of the United States. (4) 1840-1873, full 
figure of Liberty seated . — Eagle with wings displayed . Engraved by 
Gobrecht. (5) 1878-1904, head of Liberty. Rev. Eagle with wings 
upraised. Engraved by Mr. George T. Morgan. 

Trade dollar, 1873-1883. Designed by Mr. William Barber. 

Half dollar, 1794-1807, types similar to dollar; 1807-1838, bust of 
Liberty to left, wearing Liberty Cap. Rev. Eagle; 1838-1892, 
seated Liberty figure and eagle; 1892, the current piece, to present 
time. 

Quarter dollar, 1796 to present time. (See statement under Half 
dollar.) 

Dime, 1796 to present time. See statement under Half dollar; 
after 1837, the reverse type is simply ONE/DIME in a wreath, 
instead of an eagle. 

Half dime, 1794-1873. Types similar to the Half-Dollar until 
1837, when simply HALF/DIME in a wreath occurs on the reverse. 

Three cents, 1851-1873. Obv. A star, on which is a shield. 
Rev. Roman Numeral, III, within letter C. 



Double-eagle ($20.00): (1) 1849-1907. Head of Liberty. Rev. 
An eagle displayed, with shield on breast. This piece was designed 
by J. B. Longacre, whose signature, J. B. L., is on the truncation of 
the neck. (2) 1907. Standing figure of Liberty. Rev. Eagle in 
flight. Designed by Augustus Saint-Gaudens, whose signature, 
A. S. G. in monogram, is beneath the date. 

Eagle ($10.00), 1795-1804; 1838 to present time. (1) 1795-1797, 
bust of Liberty with pointed Liberty Cap. — Naturalistic eagle with 
wreath in beak. (2) 1797-1804, same obverse as before. — Eagle dis- 



74 

played, with shield on breast. The eagle was not struck from 1805 
to 1837. The earlier issues of this piece, from 1796 to 1804, were 
21-16 ths of an inch in diameter, or the same as the Double-eagle of 
1849, and for that reason this early Eagle is often mistaken for a 
Double-eagle. The coin bore no statement of value. (3) 1838-1907, 
head 6f Liberty with diadem inscribed LIBERTY. Rev. Eagle. 
Engraved by Kneass. (4) 1907, head of Liberty with feather bonnet. 
Rev. Eagle standing on bundle of arrows. Designed by Saint- 
Gaudens. The obverse type of this piece was intended originally 
for the cent. 

Half eagle ($5.00), 1795, still issued: (1) 1796-1807, bust of Lib- 
erty, with pointed Liberty Cap. Rev. Two types of eagle on 
reverse. Compare types of Eagle. (2) 1807-1834, bust of Liberty 
with close-fitting Liberty Cap. Rev. Eagle. Engraved by Reich. 
(3) 1834-1839, bust of Liberty with wavy hair bound by a fillet 
inscribed LIBERTY: Rev. Eagle. (4) 1839-1908, same type as 
on the Eagle. (5) 1908, bust of an Indian chief. Rev. Eagle standing 
on bundle of arrows. Designed by Mr. Bela Lyon Pratt. The 
devices on this piece and on the Quarter eagle of the same year are 
sunk below the level of the surface, so that it was not necessary to 
raise the edges of the coin. 

Three dollars, 1854-1889. Head of Liberty with bonnet of 
plumes. Rev. 3/DOLLARS/1854. Engraved by Longacre. The 
head is really the same as that on the $20 gold piece of 1849, but with 
a different headdress. 

Quarter eagle, ($2.50) 1795 to present time. The types of the 
Quarter eagle follow very closely those of the Half-Eagle. 

Dollar, 1849-1889. Two types of obverse: (1) 1849-1854, head of 
Liberty with diadem; (2) two varieties: (a) Small head of Liberty 
with bonnet of plumes, (b) large head of Liberty with similar bonnet. 
Rev. The same for all: l/DOLLAR/1849. The Liberty head on 
this piece is also the same as on the $20 piece. 

COMMEMORATIVE COINS. 

The United States has struck but few special coins in commemoration of historical 
events. The first commemorative coins were issued in 1892 in connection with the 
celebration of the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America. The Congress 
has authorized the following: 

1892-3. Columbian Half dollar, silver. Head of Columbus — Span- 
ish galley. 
1893. Columbian Quarter dollar, silver. Crowned bust of Queen 

Isabella. — The spinner. 
1899. Lafayette Dollar, silver. Struck to commemorate the unveiling 

of a statue of Washington in Paris, the gift of American school 

children. Heads of Washington and Lafayette, conjoined. — 

Statue of Washington. 
1903. Dollar, gold. Louisiana Purchase Exposition. Two types of 

obverse: (1) Bust of President McKinley. (2) Bust of 

Thomas Jefferson. Rev. Alike for both 1 and 2: ONE/ 

DOLLAR/1803/1903/. 



75 

1904-5. Dollar, gold. Lewis and Clark Exposition, Portland. Bust 
of Lewis. — Bust of Clark. 

"hard times tokens. " 

Specimens of the cent tokens that appeared in 1834 and following years. The 
types of some of them are of a political character, whilst others bear the advertise- 
ments of merchants. 

Token, 1834. A PLAIN SYSTEM. VOID OF POMP. Pres. 
Jackson holding sword and purse. Rev. THE CONSTITUTION 
AS I UNDERSTAND IT. Balking mule, labeled LL. D.; above, 
EOMAN FIRMNESS. 

Token, 1834. MY SUBSTITUTE FOR THE U. S. BANK. 
Facing bust of Jackson; on breast, EXPERIMENT MY CUR- 
RENCY MY GLORY. Rev. PERISH CREDIT. PERISH COM- 
MERCE. Boar running; on his side, MY THIRD HEAT; above, 
MY VICTORY; below, DOWN WITH THE BANK. 

CIVIL WAR TOKENS. 

In 1863 during the stress of the Civil War there appeared numerous issues of one- 
cent tokens by private business firms, which may in a measure have been necessary 
in order to supply a deficiency of small coin. They are usually classified into Civil 
War Tokens and Merchants' Cards, according as the types are patriotic or personal. 

CANADA. 

(Section 17, upper case.] 
Since 1867 there has been a single coinage for all Canada, except Newfoundland, 
which has a separate coinage. A mint was established at Ottawa in 1908, and now 
both gold and silver are struck there. The first gold coins struck at Ottawa were 
sovereigns, distinguished from those of the London mint by the mint mark C on the 
basis of the St. George and Dragon group; later, 1912, ten and five dollar pieces were 
added. A rich variety of toKens forms the chief numismatic interest of Canadian 
currency. 

MEXICO. 

[ Section 21, upper case.] 
The coinage of the Spanish Viceroyalty of Mexico, which was the first coinage to 
be established in the Western Hemisphere, dates from 1535. At first only silver was 
coined at the Mexican mint, but in 1542 a small coinage of copper was put forth in 
the denominations of two and four maravedi pieces. Copper coins, however, did not 
prove acceptable to the people and the use of that metal was not continued. In 
1675 the right to coin gold was accorded the Spanish American mints, which by that 
time had been established at various places in South America. 

The coinage in Mexico, and also in other Spanish-American countries, was very 
extensive, much larger indeed than the needs of the country, and the vast amount 
of it was due not only to the richness of the mines, at one time the most productive 
in the world, but also to the existence of a law that prohibited the sale and exporta- 
tion of bullion, so that all gold and silver must first be converted into coins before the 
products of the mines could be disposed of in the channels of commerce. 

The earliest types of the Spanish-American coins were a shield of royal arms and 
the pillars of Hercules and the peso became known as the " Pillar dollar"; later, a 
cross took the place of the pillars on the reverse; in 1732 the cross was supplanted by 
a device composed of the two hemispheres with a crown above, and between the 
two crowned pillars of Hercules, which emerge from the sea, a type referring to the 
claims of Spanish sovereignty over the two hemispheres and the sea. The peso 
bearing this type also became popularly known as the "Spanish pillar dollar," in 
Spanish the Columnario, and also Mundos y mares. In 1773 the portrait of the king 
of Spain and the arms of Spain became the types of all Spanish-American coins. In 
1732 the Mexican mint was provided with mechanical equipment and the coins struck 
thereafter, because of their superior workmanship and chiefly because of their more 



76 

uniform and accurate weight and value, became known as " Milled" to distinguish 
them from the crude coins produced by the earlier and less efficient processes and 
which are often described as " Cob coins " on account of their irregular form and crude 
workmanship. The " Spanish milled dollar " soon became the unit of value through- 
out the Americas and also served the commerce of China and of the Orient. " Pay- 
able in Spanish milled dollars" is found on the paper currency issued by Congress 
to finance the War of Independence, and for many years after that time the same 
coin figured generally in contracts and leases drawn in this country. 

1. Toston (4 reales), undated, of Charles I and his mother, Joanna 
(A. D. 1521-1556). Crowned shield of arms— Pillars of Hercules, 
crowned. 

7 and 8. Pesos, silver, 1611, 1621, of Philip III {1598-1621). Types 
similar to No. 1. These are often called "Cob coins" because of 
their crude workmanship. 

9. Peso, silver, 1629, of Philip IV (1621-1665). Crowned shield of 
arms. — Cross with arms of Leon and Castile, lions and castles, in angles. 
A "Cob Dollar." 

10. Media onza, or half-Doubloon, gold, 1739, of Philip V (1700- 
1746). Bust in armor. — Crowned shield of arms. 

15. Peso, silver, 1737, of the same. Crowned shield of arms. — The 
two hemispheres, crowned, between the two Pillars of Hercules; 
about each pillar, a scroll inscribed PLUS-ULTRA. Known in 
commerce as the "Spanish Milled Dollar," to distinguish it from 
the cruder coins of earlier date. When this type of coins appeared, 
the Mexican mint had just been provided with mechanical equip- 
ment. Popularly known as the " Globe Dollar." 

49. Onza or Doubloon, gold, 1774, of Charles III (1760-1788). 
Bust with mantle over armor. — Crowned shield of arms, within collar 
of the Golden Fleece. Countermarked "16" (dollars) on head. 

51. Proclamation Peso, silver, 1760, of the same. About the 
middle of the eighteenth century the issue of a special coinage to 
commemorate the accession of the Spanish king became established 
custom in the American possessions. 

58. Peso, 1773, of the same. Bust with mantle over armor — 
Between the Pillars of Hercules, a crowned shield of the arms of 
Spain. 

122. Peso, 1796, of Charles IV (1789-1808). Bust and arms similar 
to No. 58; countermarked on obverse with bust of George III of 
Great Britain. At the time of the money stringency in England in 
1797 the Bank of England, which had suspended specie payment, 
received authority to countermark Spanish silver coin and place it 
in circulation at the rate of 4s. 9 d. the peso. Since the pesos could 
be bought in the market for less than they passed for when counter- 
marked, the stamp was extensively counterfeited. Finally it 
became necessary to restrike the Spanish silver, specimens of which 
will be found under British coins, section 6, lower case, Bank of 
England Tokens. 

135. Bronze pattern of a Proclamation Toston, 1789. A. CARLOS. 
IV. REY. DE. ESPANA. Y. DE. LAS. YNDIAS. Crowned shield 
of arms— PROCLAMADO. EN. MEXI/CO. ANO DE/1789/*4R* 

197. Real, 1809, a denomination which in certain States of our 
country was known as the Levy, or the 'Leven penny Bit, and also as 
the Mexican shilling. Its value was about 12J cents. 



77 

199. Medio-real, the Half-real, a denomination which circulated in 
our country as the Fippenny, or Fi'p'ny Bit, that is, the Five Penny 
piece, or half -shilling. 

NECESSITY COINAGE OF THE MEXICAN REVOLUTION. 

In 1810 the long intermittent struggle for independence began in Mexico under 
the leadership of the patriot priest, Miguel Hidalgo, who was defeated, captured, 
and shot. In 1812 Morelos, another priest, headed the revolutionary cause and met 
with Hidalgo's fate. To meet the expenses of his military operations Morelos 
resorted to an extensive necessity coinage, while his army, known as the Army of 
the South l was operating in the State of Oaxaca. This coinage consisted partly of 
base silver, but chiefly of bronze, in which metal all the usual silver denominations 
were cast in enormous quantities. 

Other irregular coinages of the period were: (a) The coinage of the Central Junta 
acting in behalf of the king at City of Mexico; (6) the provisional coinages of the 
States of Nueva Vyzcaya and Zacatecas; (c) a series of coins cast in molds produced 
from current coins, perhaps in the State of Chihuahua; and (d) the very crude coins 
made with a hammer at Sombrerete, by direction of General Vargas, commander 
of the loyalist forces. 

210. Peso, silver, 1813, of the Central Junta at Mexico. Obv. 
VICE. FERD. VII. DEI. GRATIA. Upon a bridge of three arches, 
an eagle perched upon a cactus; below, 1813. Rev. S. P. CONG. 
NAT. GUV. T. 8R. S. M. — a halberd and a quiver with three arrows, 
crossed; above, a hand holding a bow with arrow fixed and pointing 
upwards; below, a lasso. 

222. Peso, 1810, issued by Gen. Vargas at Sombrerete, State of 
Zacatecas. Made by means of a hammer. 

225-226. Pesos, bronze, 1812, issued by Morelos. Obv. A bow 
with arrow fixed and pointed upward; beneath, S U D, "Army of 
the South". Rev. Monogram of Morelos; below, 8 R(eales) / 1812. 

In the rest of the group other denominations may be seen, and also a few speci- 
mens in silver. 

THE EMPIRE OF MEXICO. 

In 1821 Spain recognized the independence of Mexico, and in May of the following 
year the successful leader, Don Augustin Iturbide, was proclaimed emperor with the 
title of Augustin I. This empire lasted but a year, for in March, 1823, Iturbide 
was compelled to abdicate because of cruelty. 

249. Half Onza (4 Escudos), 1823. Obv. AUGUSTINUS DEI 
PROVIDENTIA; nude bust to right; below, 1823. Rev. MEX. I. 
IMPERATOR. CONSTITUT. 4 S. J. M. (" The First Constitutional 
Emperor of Mexico ") ; on an oval shield within a garnished cartouche, 
an eagle standing upon a cactus. 

250. Peso, 1822. Obv. AUGUST. -DEI. PROV.; nude bust to 
right; below, .M. 1822. Rev. Legend similar to No. 249; a crowned 
eagle standing upon a cactus. 

THE REPUBLIC OF MEXICO. 

In October of 1823 a federal republic was proclaimed and a provisional government 
established to draft a constitution. The provisional government proceeded at once 
to the coinage of money. The types of this first republican coinage, as will be readily 
seen, differed but slightly from those adopted by the Republic of Mexico after the 
adoption of the federal constitution in October of 1824. 



78 

A. THE PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT (OCT. 4, 1823-OCTOBER, 1824). 

261. Peso, 1824. Obv. REPUBLICA MEXICANA; an eagle 
standing to left with left foot upon a nopal cactus which is upon an 
island, and grasping a serpent in beak and right claw. Rev. In a 
glory a liberty cap with Libertad inscribed on the crown; below, 
*8R(eales). M. J. M. 10 D s . 20 G s . 

Note.— M, City of Mexico; J. M., signature of the mint-master; 10 D(ineros) 20 
G(ranos), fineness of the piece; equivalent to about 903 thousandths. 

B. THE REPUBLIC OF MEXICO (1824-1864). 

271. Onza, 1824. Obv. REPUBLICA MEXICANA; the arms of 
Mexico — an eagle standing on a cactus, the head turned to right. 
Rev. LA LIBERTAD EN LA LEI; right hand holding a Liberty 
Pole upon the book of the Constitution; below, 8E(escudos)M. 1824. 
J. M. 21 Qs(uilates= carats). 

272. AR. Peso, 1825. Obv. Anns of Mexico, as No. 261. Rev. 
In a glory, a Liberty Cap with libertad inscribed round edge; 
below, same legend as on No. 261. 

Besides the mint at tho City of Mexico, there were mints at Chihuahua ,Culiacan, 
Durango, Gaudalupe y Calvo, Guadalaxara, Guanaxuato, Hermosillo, Oaxaca, Real 
de los Alamos, San Luis Potosi, and Zacatecas. 

C. THE EMPIRE OF MAXIMILIAN (1864-1867). 

During this short-lived empire, which was established by means of French arms 
invited by a small class of Mexican notables, four mints struck coins for the emperor, 
the remaining establishments not being within range of imperial sway. 

385. AV. 20 Pesos, 1866. Obv. MAXIMILIANO— EMPERA- 
DOR; bust of the emperor, to right; beneath, on a scroll, the names 
of the artists, navalon and ocampo. Rev. IMPERIO MEXI- 
CANS The imperial arms; below, 20 PESOS-1866 M. 

387. AR. Peso, 1866. Legends and types similar to No. 385, but 
reading 1 PESO-1866 M. on reverse. 

The coins of Maximilian were on the decimal system. Note the 
50 CENT(avos), the Decimo, and the Medio-decimo, or 5 CENT(avos). 

D. THE REPUBLIC OF MEXICO, RESTORED, LATER THE UNITED STATES 

or Mexico, (Estados Unidos Mexicanos). 

397. AV. 20 Pesos, 1870. Obv. REPUBLICA MEXICANA; the 
arms of Mexico; below, 1870. Rev. Over scroll of the constitution 
and a sword, crossed, a pair of scales (Justice); above, Liberty Cap 
in a glory; below, M° C. VEINTE PESOS. 875. 

408. Peso, silver, 1874. Legends and types similar to No. 272, 
the old types restored. 

402-403. AY. 10 Pesos, 1905. Obv. Bust of Miguel Hidalgo, to 
left; around, DIEZ PESOS-M * 1905. Rev. ESTADOS UNIDOS 
MEXICANOS; arms of Mexico; edge, INDEPENDENCE. Y. 
LIBERTAD. 



CENTKAL AMERICA. 

UNDER SPAIN. 

[Section 21, lower case.] 

Central America or Guatemala was formed into a captain generalship under Spain 

and the city of Guatemala, later of New Guatemala, became the seat of the capital 

and of a mint. The types of the coins of Spanish Central America were the same 

as those of the other Spanish-American coins. (See under Mexico, p. 75.) 

CENTRAL AMERICA, INDEPENDENT. 

In 1821 the Central American States declared their independence of Spain, and 
in the following year united with Mexico, then an empire under Iturbide, Augus- 
tin I. In July of the following year the Central American States withdrew from 
Mexico and established the confederate Revublica delCentro de America. This union 
lasted until 1839(?) when it was dissolved; reorganized in 1842, but soon again dis- 
SLlved: after which the several States one by one adopted republican constitutions. 

A. UNDER MEXICO (1822-1823). 

1. AR. Proclamation Real, 1822, of Augustin I, 1822-1823. Obv. 
AUGUSTIN. I. EMPERAD. DE. MEXICO; bust of Augustin to 
right. Rev. GUAT. EN LA PROCLAM. DE SU. I. EMP.: within 
a laurel wreath, 26 DE DEC./DE 1822/23 DE LA/INDEP; shield 
of arms of Central America between ends of branches of the wreath. 

B. REPUBLIC OF CENTRAL AMERICA (1823-1839). 

2. AV. Onza, 1825. Obv. REPUBLICA DEL CENTRO DE 
AMERICA; sun rising behind range of five mountain peaks; below, 
1825. Rev. LIBRE CRESCA FECUNDO; within a circle, a tree 
whose stem divides the mark of value, 8-E; below, NG (Nueva 
Guatemala) M. 21 Q s . Edge, hatched obliqely. 

5. Peso, silver, 1825. Legends and types similar to No. 2. 

Issues of the other mints of the Confederacy, as of San Jos6, Costa Rica, mm. CR, 
will be found among the coins of those respective mints. 

THE INDEPENDENT REPUBLICS OF CENTRAL 
AMERICA. 

COSTA RICA. 

From the dissolution of the Republic of Central America, 1839, until 1848 Costa 
Rica was an independent State under the old constitution; in 1848 the constitution 
of the Republic of Costa Rica was adopted. 

1-4. AR. Coins struck for the confederate Republic of Central 
America at the mint of Costa Rica at San Jose\ 

>_13 6 

(79) 



80 



6. Necessity Escudo, 1842; struck by President Carillo during his 
contest with Morazan, by whom he was finally defeated and ban- 
ished. Obv. EST. D. COSTA-RICA; six-pointed star; below, 
palm and laurel branches in saltire. Rev. Within a circle, a tree 
whose stem divides the mark of value, 1-E (scudo) ; around, 21 Q(uila- 
tes=carats).-M.M.1842. 

11. Media onza, 1850. Obv. REPUBLICA DE COSTA RICA; 
garnished shield of arms. Rev. AMERICA CENTRAL; an Indian 
woman, leaning upon a column which bears the date of independ- 
ence, 15/DE/SET/DE/1821. 

19. 20 Colones, gold, 1897. Shield of arms. Rev. Bust of Colum- 
bus to right; below, value, VEINTE COLONES. 



36. Real, 1849. A tree. Rev. Facing female bust, with nude 
breasts. 

Since 1850 the national arms are regularly found on the coins of Costa Rica. 
REPUBLIC OF GUATEMALA. 

The types of the coins of the Republic of Central America were continued on the 
coins of Guatemala until 1847, when the national arms appeared on the obverse of 
the rather irregular issues of commemorative reales. In 1859 the bust of President 
(1851-1865) Carrera, engraved by Johann Baptist Frener, a Swiss medallist who was 
engraver at the Guatemala mint from 1854 to 1893, formed the obverse t3 T pe; and after 
his death the bust of Carrera as Founder of the Republic, was still continued on the 
coins of Guatemala. The reverses bore the national arms. 

In 1870 the arms of the Republic displaced the portrait of Carrera, and at the same 
time the decimal system, with a peso oi 100 centavos, was introduced. In 1872 a 
female figure representing Guatemala appeared on the obverse, and on reverse the 
present arms of Guatemala, over two crossed guns, a parchment surmounted by a 
bird of paradise. Later, a laureated bust of Liberty supplanted the seated female 
figure. 

1. Peso, silver, 1842. Range of five mountain peaks, above which 
rise the sun. Rev. Tree. 

2. Onza, gold, 1863. Obv. RAFAEL CARRERA P (Presidente) 
DE LA R. (Republica) DE GUATEMALA; head of Carrera to 
right. Rev. Arms. 

21. Peso, silver, 1866. After the death of Carrera. Obv. R. 
CARRERA FUNDADOR DE LA R. DE GUATEMALA; head 
of C. to left. Rev. National arms. 

22. Peso, silver, 1872. Female figure, Guatemala. Rev. National 
arms. 

23. Peso, silver, 1882. Laureated bust of Libertad, to left. Rev. 
Arms of Guatemala. 

UNION OF HONDURAS, NICARAGUA, AND SALVADOR. 

After the dissolution of the Republic of Central America in 1839 these three states 
made repeated efforts to effect a union, but with small success. They came nearest 
to success in 1849-1851. During this brief period a large quantity of early Spanish 
and other foreign coins were countermarked with the device of the Union, namely, 
a shining sun above a range of three mountains. 



81 

a. Necessity Peso, 1683, of Charles II, very crude "cob" piece. 
On obverse, round countermark: sun above three mountains. 

b. Necessity Half -peso, Pentagonal portion cut from center of a 
peso of 1757. 

HONDURAS. 

The Republic of Honduras was established in November of 1838, before the disso- 
lution of the Confederation of Central America, in 1839. An interesting feature of the 
coinage of Honduras is an extensive " Necessity coinage" in base metal of all denomi- 
nations from the half-real to at least the 8-peso piece, or media onza . These coins were 
issued as provisional coins from the national mint at Tegucigalpa. 

2-9. Bronze and billon provisional coinage, dating from 1845 to 

1862. 

10. 5-pesos, gold, 1896. Head of Liberty. Rev. Arms of Hon- 
duras; above, on a scroll, U-N-I-O-N; and above the scroll the 
initial letters of the names of the five countries forming the Union: 
G. S. H. N. C— Guatemala, Salvador, etc. 

11. Peso, silver, 1881. Female figure holding flag of the Central 
American Union. Rev. Arms of Honduras. 

NICARAGUA. 

The coinage of Nicaragua has never been extensive. The national arms and the 
indication of value form the types. 

SALVADOR. 

1. 20-pesos, gold, 1892. REPUBLICA DEL SALVADOR; arms 
of Salvador. Rev. AMERICA CENTRAL; laureated bust of 
Liberty to left; below, 20 Pesos. 

5. Peso, silver, 1893. Similar to No. 1. Rev. Bust of Columbus, 
to left; above, CRISTOBAL COLON; below, UNO PESO- 
AMERICA CENTRAL. 

BRITISH HONDURAS. 

This portion of Central America became a British possession in 1667, though the 
ownership was not finally acknowledged by Spain until 1783. A bronze cent was the 
first special coinage for this colony, in 1885. The present monetary arrangement is 
the same as for Canada. 

PANAMA. 

The Republic of Panama was established in 1904. Its coinage is based on the gold 
balboa, of same weight and fineness as the gold dollar of the United States of America. 
The gold balboa is not coined. The peso is of the same standard as the 5-franc piece 
of the Latin Monetary Union— that is, 25 grams, 900 one-thousandths fine— and is 
equivalent to the half of the gold balboa. The first issue of coins of Panama included 
a silver 2\ centesimos de balboa, but the piece was so small that it was withdrawn 
from circulation and in 1907 a nickel piece of the same denomination and more con- 
venient size substituted. 



SOUTH AMERICA. 

UNDER SPAIN. 

[Section 22.] 
All Spanish South America was organized into a single viceroyalty with Lima 
as the capital in 1542. In 1739 a second viceroyalty was organized in the northern 
portion of the continent and was known as New Granada (Nueva Granada), of 
which Santa Fe de Bogota became the capital. A third vicerovalty was estab- 
lished in 1776, that of Buenos Aires. 

Coinage mints were established in each of these viceroy alties, and convenience 
to mining regions in some required two or three mints. "Thus mints were estab 
lished at Lima by Philip III (1598-1621); at Potosi in 1650 by Philip IV; at San- 
tiago de Chile by Ferdinand VI (1746-1759); in the viceroyalty of New Granada a 
mint was established in 1739 by Philip V and at Popayan by Ferdinand VI. 
The arrangement of the coins is according to mints. * 

MINT AT LIMA. 

2. Peso, silver, of Charles^ II (1665-1700). Obv. A cross with 
arms of Leon and Castile — lions and castles — in the angles. Rev. 
Two Pillars of Hercules, crowned, standing in the sea. A " Pillar 
Dollar." 

6. Onza, or Doblone de a ocho, 1709, of Philip V {1700-1724-1746). 
Obv. PHILIPPVS. V. D. G. I. SPANIAR. (Ispaniarum) ; within 
a circle of pellets, cross with arms of Leon and Castile in angles. 
Rev. ET YNDIARVM REX; two crowned pillars standing in the 
sea; across the field, 

L-8-H (Lima, 8 reales, H-mint-master) 

P-V-A (Plus VltrA) 

7-0-9 (1709) 

9. Onza, gold, 1751, of Ferdinand VI (1746-1759). Obv. FER- 
DINAND VI. D. G. HISPAN. ET IND. REX.; bust with 
cuirass, to right; below, * 1751 *. Rev. INITIUM SAPIENTIAE 
TIMOR DOMINI; crowned shield of arms within the collar of 
the Order of the Golden Fleece; at sides, J (signature of mint- 
master) — 8 (reales); below, * LM *-* LM *, that is, Limae. 

10. Peso, silver, 1755. Obv. FERDND. VI. D. G. HISPAN. ET 
IND. REX.; A crowned shield of arms of Leon and Castile, three 
lilies in the center and a pomegranate on the base; at the sides of 
the shield, */J/M/*-*/8/*. Rev. VTRAQVE VNUM; the two hemi- 
spheres, crowned, above the sea, between the two crowned Pillars 
of Hercules; about each pillar a scroll inscribed PLUS-ULTRA; 
below, LM * 1755 * LM. Edge, a wreath. 

21 Peso, silver, 1774. Obv. CAROLUS. III.-DEI. GRATIA.; 
laureated bust, cuirassed and draped, to right; below, 1774. Rev. 
HISPAN. ET IND. REX (LIMAE). 8R. M. J.; between two pil- 

(82) 



83 

lars, a crowned shield of arms of Leon and Castile; about the pillars 
a scroll inscribed PLUS-ULTRA. 

65. Onza, gold, 1790. CAROL. IV. D. G. HISP. ET IND. R.; 
bust cuirassed and draped, to right; below, 1790. Rev. IN 
UTROQ. FELIX AUSPICE DEO.; type similar to No. 9. 

66. Proclamation Peso, 1789. Obv. CAROLUS. IV. D. G. 
HISP. ET. IND. REX.; within the collar of Order of Golden 
Fleece, a crowned shield of arms. Rev. PUBLIC. FIDELIT. 
JURAM. 10. OCTOBRIS. 1789; between two pillars, a double 
eagle with oval shield of the arms of the city of Lima. A com- 
memorative piece relating to the oath of allegiance to the King 
who had just acceded to the throne of Spain. 

127. Similar to last, but in honor of Ferdinand VII. 

THE MINT AT POTOSI. 

3. Peso, silver, 1674. Obv. CAROLUS. II. D. G. HISPAN- 
IARVM. R.; a cross with the arms of Leon and Castile in the an- 
gles; at sides, P(otosi)-E.; beneath 1674. Rev. POTOSI. ANO. 
1674. EL PERV.; two pillars; across the field, 

P-8-E=P(otosi)-8 (reales)-E (mint. master) 

PLV-SVL-TRA. 

E-74-P=E and P as in first line; (16)74. 

Note.— The date occurs three times on this coin. The same is true of Nos. 4 and 
5 that follow. 

Coins issued from the various other mints will readily be found by consulting 
the labels. These mints are Santiago de Chile, Santa Fe de Bogota, and Popayan. 

ARGENTINE REPUBLIC. 

[Section 22.] 

Formerly belonging to the viceroyalty of Peru, erected into the separate viceroy- 
alty of Rio de la Plata; governed by a general constituent assembly from 1813, and 
by that body declared independent in 1816 with the name of the United Provinces 
of La Plata; with the dictatorship of Jean Manuel de Rosas in 1835 the country took 
the name of Republica Argentina Confederada, and later, on the adoption of the new 
constitution in 1852, the Republica Argentina. 

The first republican coins, described below, were struck at Potosi in Peru from 
1813 to 1815, but the disaster of Sipe Sipe in the latter year threw the Potosi mint 
back into the hands of the Spanish, and the coinage was interrupted until the estab- 
lishment of a national mint at Rioja in 1824. 

The law of July 17, 1836, prescribed that the portrait of the newly chosen dictator, 
Rosas, should be placed on the coins; later, at the demand of Rosas, his portrait was 
replaced by the national coat of arms, and around, the laudatory legend, ETERNO 
LOOR AL RESTAURADOR ROSAS (Eternal Glory to the Restorer Rosas). 

The present system of coins was established by the law of November 5, 1881. 

UNITED PROVINCES OP RIO DE LA PLATA (1813-1835.) 

1. AV. Onza, 1828. Obv. PROVINCIAS DEL RIO DE LA 
PLATA; face of radiate sun. Rev. EN UNION Y LIBERTAD. 
RA. P. 8 S.; between two laurel branches, an oval shield of arms 
upon a trophy of four flags, two cannon barrels, and a drum; be- 
neath, 1828. 

2. AR. Peso, 1813. First coinage of the republic. Obv. PRO- 
VINCIAS DEL RIO DE LA PLATA; face of radiate sun. Rev. 



84 

! EN UNION Y LIBERTAD ^. J.; on an oval shield two hands 
joined and holding a lance surmounted by a Liberty Cap; at sides, 
: 8-R(eales); below, 1813. 

The medio peso, peseta, and real have types similar to those of 
'the peso. 

Argentine Confederation— 15: AV. Onza, 1836. Obv. REPUB. 
ARGENT.-CONFEDERADA; bust of the Dictator, Rosas, in 
uniform, to left; below, rosas. Rev. POR LALIGA LITORAL 
SERA FELIZ. R. 8 S.; a mountain by the sea; below, trophy of 
• arms and the date. 

17. AR. Peso, 1838. Obv. ETERNO LOOR AL RESTAURADOR 
^ROSAS; Arms of the Confederation; at sides, S-R(eales). Rev. 
JREPUB. ARGENTINA-CONFEDERADA. R.; a mountain by 
the sea; below, trophy of military arms. 

The divisional pieces have types similar to the Pesos. 

Argentine Republic— 24. AV. Argentino, 1883. Obv. REPUBLICA 
ARGENTINA; oval shield of arms; below, 1883. Rev. Head of 
Liberty to right; above, *LIBERTAD*; below, 5 PESOS * UN 
ARGENTINO *; 9 D° s . FINO; in field, OUDINE; edgeiGUALDAD 

ANTE LA LEY. 

25. AR. Peso, 1882. Similar types to No. 24, but head of Liberty 
to left. 

Minor coins of nickel and bronze, usually with national arms on obverse and value 
on reverse. 

City of Buenos Ayres. — The following bronze pieces represent the 
depreciated paper currency in circulation at the time: 

41. Decimo (1/10 of current Peso), 1822. Obv. Oval shield of 
arms. Rev. BUENOS AYRES/1822/UN DECIMO. 

State of Buenos Ayres.— 50. AR. Peseta, 1853. PROVINCIA DE 
BUENOS AYRES; Within oak wreath, 2 (reales). Rev. CASA DE 
MONEDA— DOS REALES; within wreath, 1853. 

Province of Cordova.— 50. AR. Real, 1841. PROVINCIA DE 
CORDOVA. Oval shield of arms. Rev. Radiate sun; below, 
P. N. P. 

56. AR. Peseta, 1844. PROVINCIA DE CORDOBA. A 
castle with flag, flanked by six flags, crossed. Rev. CONFED- 
ERADA Sun; below, 2 'K(eales). 1844.9 D 8 . 

BOLIVIA. 

The Republic of Bolivia was founded in 1825 out of territory that had formed a 
part of Peru and was named in honor of the distinguished South American libeiator, 
Simon Bolivar. The country was reunited with Peru in 1836, but the Confedera- 
tion proved unsatisfactory to certain restless Peiuvian leaders and it was accordingly 
disrupted by the sword of Gamarra in 1839. 

The old Spanish monetaiy system was retained in Bolivia until 1863, when the 
decimal system was introduced into the coinage and the boliviano of 25 grams and 
900-thousandths fineness supplanted the peso of 8 reales; but the coinage of the boli- 
viano has long been suspended and the active unit of the system is the -J boliviano, 
equivalent to the franc. The coinage of nickel was introduced in 1883. 



85 



GOLD. 



1. Onza, 1831. LIBRE POR LA-CONSTITUCION Bust of 
Bolivar; beneath the bust, bolivar. Rev. REPUBLICA BOLI- 
VIANO Mount Cerro de Potosi and the sun rising behind the moun- 
tain; to left llama; to right, sheaf of grain; below, ******/p. 3 
S(cudos). 

2. Media Onza, 1852. In honor of President Belzu, 1848-1855. 
LOS EMPLEADOS DE POSTOSI Female figure, Bolivia, seated to 
right holding child in arms and placing hand on standing boy; to 
left, arms of Bolivia; below, AL PRESIDENTE M. Y. BELZU. 
Rev. PROVIDENCIA PERSEGUE EL CRIMEN (Providence 
pursues crime) ; a hand from clouds with flaming sword drives man 
armed with torch and serpents. (See also Nos. 12 and 29 in honor of 
Pres. Belzu.) 

Yngavi. — 4. J-onza, undated. In honor of Gen. Gamarra for 
victory over Santa Cruz at Yngavi, Jan., 1839. Obv. An Indian 
walking to left and blowing a horn; around, POTOSI TRASMITE 
A LA POSTERIDAD (Potosi transmits to posterity); Rev. LA 
GLORIA DEL VENCEDOR DE INGAVI (" The glory of the con- 
queror of Yngavi"); An arm, with ballin inscribed upon it, 
supports a flag staff. 

SILVER. 

14. Peso (8 Sueldos) 1825. Jeton, in honor of Simon Bolivar. 
Obv. SIMON BOLIVAR LIBERTADOR DE COLOMBIA Y 
DEL PERU; bust of Bolivar to right. Rev. POTOSI MANI- 
FESTA SU GRATITUD AL GENIO DE LA LIBERTAD; mount 
Cerro de Potosi and rising sun; below, 1825. 

23. Boliviano, 1867. Obv. REPUBLICA BOLIVIANA; an oval 
shield of arms, surmounted by a condor, over a trophy of military 
arms; below, eleven stars. Rev. LA UNION ES LA FUERZA; 
within a wreath, 1/BOLIVIANO 500/G./9. D. FINO; below 
(POTOSI). 1867. F. P.; edge, b olivia lib re e inde- 

PENDIENTg 1821. 

32. Boliviano, 1865. In honor of Dictator Mariano Melgarejo 
and Mariano Donato Munoz, Secretary of Potosi. Obv. A LOS 
PACIFICADORES DE BOLIVIA; the busts of Melgarejo and 
Munoz, conjoined; to left in field, their names. Rev. CANTERIA 
DE POTOSI SETIEMBRE 5 DE 1865; in the field, AL/VALOR/ 
Y/AL/TALENTO/nine stars. 

47. 1/5-Boliviano, 1879. In honor of President Hilarion Daza, 
1876-1879. Similar to the Boliviano, No. 23, but reading ENERO 
14 DE 1879 below the stars. Rev. EL EJERCITO NAL. AL 
PRESIDENTE DE LA REP A ; head of Daza to left; beneath, 

H. DAZA. 

The minor coins in nickel and bronze have generally for obverse 
types, the arms of the Republic, and for reverse, statement of value. 



86 

CHILE. 

[Section 22.] 

Assisted by the Argentine general, Saint Martin, Chile secured independence in 
1818. In the same year Don Hilarion de la Quintana, in the capacity of a virtual 
dictator, issued a decree which supplanted the Spanish coins with new. and striking 
designs (see No. 15); but the old Spanish monetary system was retained by the young 
republic. In 1848, or long before the majority of the Latin American countries took 
such action, Chile introduced the decimal system mto her coinage, and struck a peso 
of 10 decimos and 100 centavos, weighing 25 grams, and nine- tenths fine, so that the 
piece was the equivalent of the 5-franc piece of the Latin Monetary Union. 

The monetary law of 1895 made the gold coins 22 carats fine (0.91666) and the silver 
835- thousandths fine, and at the same time reduced the weight of the peso to 20 grams. 

GOLD. 

1. Onza, 1823. Obv. EL ESTADO DE CHILE CONSTIT. INDE- 
PENDIENTE*; range of mountains including two active volcanos; 
sun above, and below, A. D. 1818. Rev. POR LA RAZON O LA 
FUERZA. S. 8E. F. I.; two flags in saltire behind a column 
surmounted by a globe; above, a star; below, 1823. 

2. Onza, 1836. Obv. REPUBLICA DE CHILE; shield of arms 
supported by guemal and condor, each crowned; below, * 1836 *. 
Rev. IGUALDAD ANTE LA LEI. 8E. I. J.; a right hand laid 
upon book of the constitution; above, sun; below, * 21 Q s *. 

3. Onza, 1839. Obv. REPUBLICA DE CHILE S.; Obv. Similar 
to No. 2. Rev. Legend as No. 2; Liberty standing facing and resting 
her right hand upon altar of the constitution, the book of which 
inscribed CONSTITUCION lies upon the altar, the left hand sup- 
porting consular fasces; exergue, 20 Q* (quilates= carats). 

4. 10-Pesos, 1855. Obv. REPUBLICA DE CHILE; shield of arms 
supported by llama and condor; below, 1855. Rev. IGUALDAD 
ANTE LA LEI; Liberty in classical costume standing, supporting 
open book of Constitution. 

9. Condor, 1896. Obv. REPUBLICA — DE CHILE; draped 
female bust representing the Republic, to left. Rev. Arms similar 
to No. 4 ; mountains in background ; above, VEINTE PESOS ; below, 
1896. This coin was engraved by the eminent French medallist, the 
late Louis Oscar Roty. 



13. Peso (Jeton), 1818. Medallic piece relating to Independence of 
Chile. Obv. EL ESTADO DE CHILE CONSTITUIDO INDE- 
PEND TE . ANO DE 1818; a palm-tree; above, range of mountains 
and rising sun; below, in cartouche, INDEPENDENCE. Rev. 
JUNTOS * Y * UNIDOS * SEREIS * FELICES; a column sup- 
ported by two hands, and surmounted by a star; above, a star and a 
scroll inscribed libertad. 

15. Peso, 1822. The first regular issue of the Republic. Obv. 
UNION Y FUERZA. F. J. ; a column surmounted by a globe, star 
above, and over the star a scroll inscribed libertad; beneath 
column, 1822. Rev. CHILE INDEPENDIENTE; a volcano in 
eruption; above, in laurel wreath, UN PESO; below, SANTIAGO. 



87 

17. Peso, 1853. Obv. REPUBLICA DE CHILE. §.; national 
arms; below, * UN PESO * Rev. POR LA RAZON O LA FUERZA; 
a condor with piece of broken fetter in bill stands r. holding shield 
of Chile in left talon; below, * 1853 * 

21. Peso, 1895. Obv. REPUBLICA DE CHILE; a condor 
perched npon a crag, his wings partly spread and neck craned for- 
ward. Rev. Within a laurel wreath, UN / PESO / 1895; above, S— 
mint-mark of Santiago. 

The gold and silver divisional coins have types and legends similar to the pieces 
of larger denomination above described. 

Copiapo. — 81. Peso, 1865. Necessity piece struck during blockade 
of Chilean coast by Spaniards in 1865. Obv. Within incuse circle, 
a shield of arms dividing the mark of value, I-P(eso); around, 
COPIAPO-CHILE. Rev. In field, 1865; incused circle on border. 

Coquimbo. — 82. Peso, undated. Private coins. Obv. Star on an 
incused shield; below, I. P(eso) in incuse depression. Rev. Plain. 

COLOMBIA. 

[Section 22.) 
The Viceroyalty of Nueva Granada declared itself independent of Spain and estab- 
lished a republican government in 1811. In 1819 the Republica de Colombia was 
erected out of what later became Colombia, Venezuela and Ecuador; in 1836 Vene- 
zuela and Ecuador established independent republican governments, and the States 
of Colombia combined to form the Republica de la Nueva Granada {Granadine Confed- 
ration) which later, 1861, became the Estados Unidos de Colombia (United States of 
Colombia). In 1886 by executive order the name was changed back to Republicof 
Colombia. 

The Spanish monetary system was retained until 1847 when the decimal system was 
introduced into the coinage and the old peso of 8 reales was superceded by a peso of 
10 reales; but for the convenience of a population long accustomed to the earlier sys= 
tern there was also coined a piece of 8 reales called a granadino. In 1871 Colombia 
adopted the monetary system of the Latin Union and for unit a gold peso of slightly 
less value than the gold dollar of our own country. 

THE MINT AT SANTA FE DE BOGOTA. 

Nueva Granada (New Granada), 1811-1819. — 1. Peso, silver, 1819. 
Obv. LIBERTAD AMERICANA; bust of an Indian woman, with 
feather crown, to left; below, 1819. Rev. NUEVA GRANADA. 
J. F.; a pomegranate with two leaves on the stem; at sides, 8- 

R(eales). 

The Spanish name of the promegranate is granada, which will account for the 
choice of this device for Granada and Nueva Granada. 

Republicof Colombia, 1819-1836. —3. Onza, gold, 1831. Obv. RE- 
PUBLICA DE COLOMBIA; draped bust of Liberty to left, with 
fillet inscribed libertad; below, 1831. Rev. Between two 
cornucopiae, consular fasces over which a bow and three arrows in 
saltire; above, BOGOTA; below, 8. S. R. * S. 

12. Colombiano, silver, 1835. The consular fasces, bow and arrows, 
between cornucopiae. — Value in wreath. 

Granadine Confederation (Republica de la Nueva Granada) 1836- 
1861.— 19. Onza (16 pesos), gold, 1837. Obv. Draped bust of 



88 

Liberty to left, with fillet inscribed libertad; below, 1837. 
Rev. Shield of arms of the Confederation; above, a condor in 
downward flight; around, DIEZ I SEIS PESOS (sixteen pesos). 
BOGOTA. R. S. 

21. Onza, 1849. A pattern by Wyon. Obv. REPUBLICA DE 
LA NUEVA GRANADA; bust of Liberty to left, with fillet in- 
scribed libertad; below, 1849. Rev. A shield of arms over a 
trophy of four flags, and surmounted by a condor; above, BOGOTA. 
PESO (weight)-2&. 8064. G.; below, LEI (fineness) 0.900. 

25. Peso, silver, 1837. Obv. REPUBLICA DE LA NUEVA 
GRANADA; Arms of the Confederation; below, 1837. Rev. 
Within a laurel wreath, 8/REALES; above, * BOGOTA *; below, 
R*S. 

28. Granadino (peso of 8 reales), 1847. Obv. REPUBLICA DE 
LA NUEVA GRANADA; arms of the Republic; below, 1847. Rev. 
Within a laurel wreath, OCHO / REALES; around, BOGOTA.— 
LEY. 0.900. 

The divisional pieces, the peseta of 2 reales, the real, and the 
cuartino or quarter-razZ, have legends and types similar to the differ 
ent issues of the peso, except the statements of value. 

The United States of Colombia (Estados Unidos De Colombia) 
1861.- 44. 10 pesos, gold, 1863. Obv. ESTADOS UNIDOS DE 
COLOMBIA; oust of Liberty to left, in hair a fillet inscribed 
libertad; below, 1863, and nine stars. Rev. The national arms; 
around, G. 16.129 * DIEZ PESOS * LEI 0.900-BOGOTA. 

50. Peso, 1871. Obv. ESTADOS UNIDOS DE COLOMBIA; 
bust of Liberty to left; below, 1871. Rev. Arms of the Republic, 
around, GRAM. 25-UN PESO-LEI. 0.900; beneath the arms, 
BOGOTA. Edge as No. 49. j 

The coinage of the mint at Medellin, State of Antioquia, is the same as that of Bogota, 
except the mint mark; the specimens from that mint are indicated in the case by the 
labeL 



ECUADOR. 



The group of provinces which afterwards became the Republic of Ecuador united 
in 1821 in forming the Republic of Colombia. In 1831 that union was dissolved and 
Ecuador established an independent Republic. The Spanish monetary system, 
with a peso of 8 reales, was retamed until 1856 when the system of the Latin Monetary 
Union was adopted and a franco made the unit; but such a unit proved unsuitable to 
a people accustomed to a dollar divided into eight parts, and in 1871 a more suitable, 
a peso of 5 francs, or 10 reales, and 100 centavos, was adopted. In 1884 another marked 
change was made when the present system was adopted, which is that of the Latin 
Union again. The denominations of the present corns are the gold Condor and its 
subdivisions, and the silver sucre, named for Gen. Sucre, which is the equivalent of 
the French 5-franc piece. 

1. AV. Doblado, 1835. EL ECUADOR EN COLOMBIA. 
Draped bust of Liberty 1., with fillet inscribed libertad; 
below, 1. QUITO B(oblado). Rev. EL PODER EN LA CON- 
STITUCION Sun rising above two mountains on each of which is 
perched a vulture. 

3. AV. Onza, 1847. Head of Simon Bolivar; below, 1847. 
21 Q (quilates=carats). Rev. REPUBLICA DEL ECUADOR 
National arms; at sides, 8-E (scudos). 



89 

4. AV. Media Onza, 1836. EL PODER, etc. Bust of Liberty 
I.; below, 21.Q S . 1836. 4. E. Rev. REPUBLICA, etc. Three 
mountains; on summit of one a castle on which is perched a condor, 
on the other two a condor and vulture, respectively; above, zodiac 
with meridian sun, and thereover seven stars. 

*. AR. Sucre, 1884. REPUBLICA, etc. Head of Gen. Sucre 
1. Rev. National arms. Struck by Heaton, Birmingham. No. 7 
struck at Santiago, No. 8 at Lima. 

PARAGUAY. 

The coinage of Paraguay lias a very unimportant history. In 1845 copper pieces 
were put into circulation, having the value of 1/12 of a medio real, or 1/192 of the peso. 
Various attempts to introduce a better coinage were made in 1854, 1855, and subse- 
quently, but beyond a number of pattern coins produced at the mint at Paris nothing 
was effected. A law of 1903 legalized the coins of Argentine Republic in Paraguay. 

1. AE. 1/12 Medio-Real, or 1/192 of Peso, 1845. Obv. A recum- 
bent lion before a lance surmounted by a Phrygian cap. Rev. RE- 
PUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY; on a circular field azure, 1/12; be- 
low, 1845. 

2. Tin. Pattern Peso, 1855. Obv. Liberty, seated facing, with 
palm branch in right and scales in left hand which rests upon a sword. 
Rev. REPUBLICA DEL PARAGUAY; a recumbent lion before 
a lance surmounted by Liberty cap; across the field beneath the cap, 
PAZ Y— JUSTICIA; in exergue, 10 Rv 

URUGUAY. 

The coinage of Uruguay dates from 1840, though the republic began its existence 
with the treaty between Brazil and Argentine Confederation in 1828. The earliest 
coins of the country were of bronze, none being struck in the precious metals until 



legend SITIO DE MONTEVIDEO (Siege of Montevideo). 

1. AR. Peso, 1844. Siege piece of Montevideo, held by the Lib- 
erals (colorados) and besieged by the landed proprietors (estanceros) . 
REPUBLICA ORIENTAL DEL URUGUAY Shield of arms. 
Rev. SITIO DE MONTEVIDEO Within circle of nine stars, 
UN PESO/FUERTE; below, 10£ D" (=dineros). 

The Republic of Uruguay. — 2. Peso, 1893. National arms: RE- 
PUBLIC! ORIENTAL etc. Rev. LIBRE Y CONSTITUIDA 
In wreath, 1/PESO. The types of the divisions of the Peso are sim- 
ilar to No. 2. 

PERU. 

Peru and Chile became independent Republics after the decisive battle of Ayacu- 
.cho, December 9, 1824, though the standard of revolt had been raised in 1817. In 1825 
the southern portion of the territory of Peru withdrew and established the independ- 
ent Republic of Bolivia. The two countries were, however, reunited from 1836 to 1839 
under a confederate constitution. 

Before the war of revolution had been Drought to a successful close there appeared 
the interesting coins with the types of Virtue and Liberty (1821-1823), but the coinage 
was soon interrupted and there followed an issue of obsidional corns, first by the 
republicans (1822-1823) and in 1824 by the general of the Spanish forces besieged in 
Luna. In 1825 the republican coinage was resumed, this time with a figure of Lib- 
erty standing facing on obverse and on reverse the national arms. The Spanish mon- 
etary system was retained until 1855 when the decimal system was introduced, and 
in 1857 the gold sol, equivalent to the 5-franc gold piece of the Latin Monetary Union 
was made the basis of a new system; the silver corns consisted of a sol, its half, fifth, 
tenth, and twentieth. Nickel was coined from 1863 to 1880. 



90 

1. Peseta, 1821. Commemorating Independence. Obv. LIMA 
LIBEE JUEO SU INDEPENDENCE EN 28 JULIO D.1821; 
face of radiate sun. Rev. Within a laurel wreath, BAJO LA/PRO- 
TECCION / DEL EGERCITO / LIBERTADOR / DEL PERU / 
MANDADO / POR SAN /MARTIN. 

2. Peso, 1822. Obv. POR LA VIRTUD Y LA JUSTICIA; a 
column on a base of four steps with. Doric capital; to left stands Jus- 
tice with sword and scales, to right Virtue holding olive branch. 
Rev. PERU LIBRE (LIMAE) 8R. J. P.; national arms; below, 
1822. 

4. Sieg*, Pieces issued by the Republicans in Lima. 1/4 Peso, 1823, 
Copper. Obv. Within a wreath, a range of mountains; above, clouds 
and shining sun; in foreground, Liberty pole and llama reclining to 
right. Rev. REPUBLICA PERUANA. (LIMAE). 1823; in 
field, QUARTO/DE PESO. Hatched edge. 28 mm. 

6. Peso, 1822, countermarked date, 1824. Siege piece issued by 
Gen. Conterac. A specimen of No. 1 countermarked by the Spanish 
General when besieged in Lima. Countermark: crown with date, 
1824, beneath. 

GOLD. 

The Republic— 7. Onza, 1827. Obv. ^ FIRME Y FELIX POR 
LA UNION; Liberty, helmeted, standing, holding Liberty Pole in 
right hand, her left supporting a shield on which is li/ber/tad. 
Rev. REPUBLICA PERUANA (LIMAE). J. M.; upon a trophy 
of four flags a shield of arms with laurel wreath as crest; at sides, 8-E 
(scudos); below, 1827. Reeded edge. 

16. Onza, 1863. Obv. FIRME Y FELIX POR LA UNION; 
Liberty in classical costume seated facing, holding in right hand 
Liberty Pole to which is attached a pennon inscribed libertad, 
in left, palm branch; on ground to right, round shield with radiate 
sun; exergue, 8 E s . Rev. REPUBLICA PERUANA LIMA 21 
QUILATES Y. B.; national arms. Reeded edge. 

19. Libra, 1898. Obv. VERDAD I-JUSTICIA; bust of an In- 
dian chief to right; wears large circular earrings; below, UNA LI- 
BRA. Rev. REPUBLICA PERUANA LIMA. R. OZ. F.; 
shield of arms with sun crest. 

SILVER. 

26. Jeton, 1828. Size of Peso, commemorating ratification and 
promulgation of the Constitution. Obv. *SANCIONADA. POR 
EL CONGRESO JENERAL DEL PERU; in a glory a book inscribed 
CONS/TI-TU/CION. Rev. Within a wreath of oak and laurel, 
PROMULGADA/Y JURADA EN/6. DE ABRIL/DE 1828. 

43. Sol, 1865. Obv. FIRME Y FELIZ POR-LA UNION; 
Liberty seated to right, her right hand resting on a shield, the left 
holding Liberty Pole; to right a column surmounted by a wreath and 
wound with a riband inscribed liber/tad; below, UN SOL. 
Rev. REPUBLICA PERUANA LIMA 9 DECIMOS FINO. 
Y. B.; arms; below, 1865. 



91 

49. 5 Pesetas, 1880. Obv. PROSPERIDAD Y PODER POR 
LA JUSTICIA; female head to left, in hair wreath of wheat and 
flowers, and wearing earrings and necklace; below, 1880. Rev. 
REPUBLICA PERUANA LIMA 9 DECIMOS FINO B. F.; national 
arms; below, CINCO PESETAS. Edge, reeded. 

54. Medio Peso, 1826. In honor of life presidency of Bolivar and 
oath of allegiance to the Constitution. Obv. PRECIDENCIA VI- 
TALICIA DEL LIBERTADOR SIMON BOLIVAR*; arms of 
Peru. Rev. SOLEMNEMte. JURADA EN 9. DE DIC BRE . DE 
1826*; within a wreath of palm and laurel branches, an open book 
inscribed CONS/TI GO TU/CION; beneath book, LIMA. 



112. 20 Centavos, 1879. Provisional coinage during war of Peru 
and Bolivia with Chile. Obv. REPUBLICA PERUANA 1879; 
within a circle, radiate sun; below, VEINTE CENTAVOS. Rev. 
MONEDA PROVISIONAL; within a circle, 20; below, CENTAVOS. 
Reeded edge. 26 mm. 

The types of the divisional coins are in general similar to those of the larger coins 
above described; and the issues of the other mints are the same as those of the mint 
at Lima, except the mint-mark. 

Province of Ancachs. — 120. Medio peso, 1839. Employees of the 
Cuzco mint to Gen. Gamarra after victory over Santa Cruz, President 
of the Confederation of Peru and Bolivia. Obv. LA LEY RES- 
TAURADA POR EL VALOR DEL EJERCITO UNIDO EN 
ANCACH; battle scene on a mountain side, and Fame on top of 
mountain blowing trumpet. Rev. In a chain wreath within a 
laurel wreath, LOS EMPLEADOS/DE LA MONEDA/AL RES- 
TAURADOR/DE SU PATRIA/GRAN MARISCAL /GAMARRA/ 
CUZCO 1839. 

Mint at Cuzco. — 125. Peso, 1825. In honor of Simon Bolivar. Obv. 
SIMON BOLIVAR LIBR. DE COLOMB. Y DEL PERU; bust 
of Bolivar right. Rev. EL CUZCO A SU LIBERTADOR; ruins 
of the palace of the Incas; sun on left; below, 1825. 

126. South Peru. Peso, 1838. Obv. FIRME POR LA UNION; 
a castle and a volcano by the sea; in front, cornucopia lying on the 
ground; a ship at sea; below,. io.d. 20. g. confederacion. b. a. Rev. 
REPUB. SUD PERUANA/*-*-*-*-*; sun radiate; below, .8.R. 
CUZCO 1838; edge, dios protege el estado. 

126a. Onza, gold, 1838. Types similar to preceding. 

VENEZUELA. 

In 1810 the struggle for independence was begun in Venezuela, and brought to a 
successful close by Bolivar in 1819. In the latter year the country was united with 
Colombia and Ecuador into the Republic of Colombia. From this union Venezuela 
withdrew in 1829 and established the Republica de Venezuela, which title was later 
changed to Estados Unidos de Venezuela (United States of Venezuela). 

During the revolutionary struggle bronze quarter reals were struck at Caracas, and 
finally silver Necessity Pesetas and Reals. The coinage law of 1857 established the 
first important coinage system of Venezuela. The unit provided by this law was a 
gold venezolano of 100 centavos. In this series belongs the interesting silver peso, first 
issued in 1863, bearing the portrait of President Jose Antonio Paez with the title of 



02 

11 Illustrious Citizen." After the adoption of the monetary system of the European 
Latin Union in 1871 the head of Bolivar, the Liberator (Libertador), and the national 
coat of arms appear on the coins of Venezuela. 

A. During revolution, mint at Caracas. — a. 1/4 Real, bronze, 1812. 
Six-point star; in center, 1.9 (=19th of April, 1810, when last 
Spanish Captain-general was deposed.) Rev. 1/4/DE REAL/1812. 

26. 1/4 Real, bronze, 1816, Necessity Piece. Obv. CARACAS-ANO 
DE-1816;a lion and a cross; above a crown. Rev. VENEZUELA 
in monogram; below, 1/4. 

30. Peseta, silver, 1818, Necessity Piece. Obv. Cross, with lions 
and castles in angles; above and below, 2. Rev. Two pillars; across 
the field, LV-SVL-TR./B. 1818. S./CARACAS. 

B. Republic of Venezuela. — 1. Bolivar, gold (20 Venezolanos), 
1887. Obv. BOLIVAR-LIBERTADOR; head of Bolivar to right; 
beneath, barre. Rev. ESTADOS UNIDOS DE VENEZUELA; 
arms of Venezuela; below, GR. 32. 2580-1887-LEI 900. 

4. Venezolano, silver, 1902. Legends and types similar to No. 1 , 
but the weight is GRAM* 25. 

9. Bolivar, 1902. Legends and types similar to No. 1, except the 
weight which is GRAM. 5. and the fineness, LEI 835. 

The silver bolivar is the active unit of Venezuela; it corresponds to the franc of the 
Latin Monetary Union. 

BRITISH GUIANA. 

This British colony, which was acquired from the Dutch in 1803, consists of Deme- 
rara, Essequibo, and Berbice. At first England retained the monetary system of 
the Dutch and coined for the colony the 3 and 2 guilders, the guilder, its half and 
quarter, and the bronze \ stuiver. In 1839 the monetary system of the colony was 
made to correspond to the silver coins of the United States of America, but no coins 
on that system were ever struck. In 1888 a groat or fourpence piece, later (1891) 
intended for this colony and the British West Indies, was struck; its value was the 
equivalent of the i guilder or bitt. 

I. AR. 3 Guilders, 1809. Obv. GEORGIUS IIII DEI GRATIA; 
bust of George IV, laureated, to right. Rev. COLONIES OF ESSE- 
QUIBO & DEMARARY TOKEN; numeral 3, crowned, within a 
wreath; below, 1809. 

II. AR. 3 Guilders, 1832. Obv. GULIELMUS IIII D: G:- 
BRITANNIAR: REX.: F: D:; head to right. Rev. UNITED COL- 
ONY OF DEMARARY & ESSEQUIBO; type as No. 1. 

The three settlements were formed into a ' ' United Colony " in 1831 . 
17. AR. Groat, 1891, of Victoria, for " British Guiana and The 
West Indies." Coroneted head. — Value, crowned. 

FRENCH GUIANA. 

French Guiana has been a penal colony since the latter part of the eighteenth cen- 
tury, and for this reason, among others, its slow progress and commercial unimportance 
have made small need of a special coinage. Coins withdrawn from circulation in the 
mother country were shipped to the colony in the latter part of the eighteenth cen- 
tury; and in 1818 there was a special coinage of 10 centime billon pieces, while a general 
colonial coinage issued in 1825 was circulated in this colony. 

BRAZIL. 

[Section 23, upper case. 

The colonial coinage of Brazil as a possession of Portugal dates from 1694, when 
Dom Pedro II established a mint at Bahia; subsequently several other mints were 
established in the colony and the later independent Empire. The earlier gold and 



93 

silver coins have on obverse the arms of Brazil, and on reverse the cross of St. 
George on the gold coins, on the silver a globe over the cross of the Order of Christ, 
around which is the legend, SVBQ(ue) SIGN(o) NATA STAB(it), "The land 
discovered under (this) sign (i. e., of the cross) shall prosper." In 1727 the portrait 
of the King of Portugal, John V, appeared on the gold coins of Brazil, and the colonial 
coins were distinguishable from those of Portugal only by the mint mark placed 
beneath the bust. 

The Empire of Brazil was established in 1822, when the only changes made in the 
coinage were the necessary ones of the types. After the couuntry had become a repub- 
lic in 1889 the portrait of the emperor was supplanted by a bust of the goddess of Lib- 
erty wearing a Phrygian helmet. 

As a colony of Portugal. — 1. AV. Moeda (4,000 reis), 1704, of Bom 
Pedro II (A. B. 1683-1706). Obv. PETRVS. II. D. G. PORT. ET 
ALG. REX; crowned arms of Portugal; at sides, 4,000 (reis) — four 
rosettes in vertical line. Rev. IN+HOC+SIGNO+VINCES+1704; 
cross of the Order of Christ, with letter R (Rio de Janeiro) in each 
angle. Edge, hatched. 

2. AR. 2 Patacas (640 reis), 1695, of the same. Obv. PETRVS. II. 
D. G. PORT. REX. ET. BRAS. D.; type similar to No. 1, but at 
sides, 640 — three rosettes; date, 16-95 divided by the crown. Rev. 
SUBQ.-SIGN. NATA-STAB.; globe upon cross of Order of Christ. 

8. Dobra, or 5 Moedas (20,000 reis), 1725, of Bom Joao V (A. B. 
1706-1750). Obv. IOANNES. V. D.G. PORT. ET. ALG. REX.; 
type as No. 1, but at sides of shield, 20,000 — five rosettes. Rev. Simi- 
lar to No. 1, but with letter M (Minas) in angles. 

9. AV. Dobra of 8 Escudos (12,800 reis), 1729. Obv. Legend as 
No. 8; laureated bust to right; beneath, M (Minas)/1729. Rev. 
Garnished shield of the arms of Portugal. 

15. AV. Half-dobra, 1758. of Bom Jose J, A. B. 1750-1777. Obv. 
JOSEPHUS. I. D. G.— PORT. ET. ALG. REX.; laureated bust to 
right; beneath, R/1758. Rev. Similar to No. 9. 

Special coins for the mining districts. — 17. AR. Pataca (300 reis), 
1752. Obv. Initial +J+, crowned; at sides, in field, 300-+ + +, 
vprticj-i 1 

23. AV. 4 Milreis (4,000 reis), 1779, of Maria I and Bom Pedro III 
(A. B. 1777-1786). Arms of Portugal; at sides, 4000— Cross of St. 
George. 

40. AV. Half dobra, 1807, of Bom Joao, prince regent (A. B. 1799- 
1818). Obv. JOANNES. D. G. PORT.-ET. ALG. P. REGENS; 
laureated bust; below, 1807. R.(io Janeiro). Rev. Oval shield of 
arms in garnished cartouche, crowned. 

42. AR. Spanish-American Peso of Charles IIII, 1807. Obv. 
Countermark, oval shield of arms, crowned, within a wreath; 
beneath, 960. Rev. Countermark, a globe. 

Spanish coins were thus countermarked and legalized in Brazil to provide a suffi- 
cient supply of money while the court of Portugal, driven from Lisbon by the 
French invasion, was established in this colony. 

43. AR. 3 Patacas, or Patagon (960 reis), 1810. Obv. JOANNES. 
D. G. PORT. P. REGENS ET BRAS. D.; arms of Portugal, 
crowned; at sides, 960— three rosettes. Rev. Similar to No. 2. 

Empire of Brazil.— 64. AR. Patagon (960 reis), 1823, of Bom Pedro 
I (A. B. 1822-1831). Obv. PETRUS. I. D. G. CONST. IMP. ET. 
PERP. BRAS. DEF.; within a laurel wreath, 960; below, 1823 R. 



94 

Rev. IN HOC SIGNO; arms of Brazil. Struck over a Peso of 
Ferdinand VII. 

65. AR. Patagon, 1826, of the same. As last but not a restrike of 
a Spanish-American piece. 

66. AV. Half Dobra, 1833, of Bom Pedro II (A. B. 1831-1889). 
Obv. PETRUS. II. D. G. CONST. IMP. PERP. ET. BRAS. 
DEF.; nude bust of the emperor as a child, to right; below, +1833. 
R+. Rev. IN+HOC+SIGNO+VINCES. Arms of Brazil; below, 
+6400+. 

79. AV. Moeda (10,000 reis), 1838. Legends similar to No. 78; 
nude bust of Emperor as a boy. 

80. Ditto, 1848. Youthful bust of the Emperor in uniform. 

81. AV. Dobra (20,000 reis), 1851. Bearded bust of the Emperor 
in admiral's uniform, to left. 

94. 2Milreis,1968. Obv. PETRUS II D. G. C. IMP. ETP^RP. 
BRAS. DEF.; nude bust of emperor to left; below, *1868*. Rev. 
Arms of Brazil; below, 2,000 REIS. The other denominations in 
silver, the Milreis, 500 Reis, and 100 Reis, have types similar to 
No. 94. 

111. Nickel. 200 Reis, 1871. Obv. IMPERIO DO BRAZIL; 
arms of Brazil; below, *1871*. Rev. DECRETO N° 1817. DE 
3 DE SETEMBRO 1870; within a circle, 200 /REIS. Edge, plain. 
The nickel pieces of 100, and of 50 Reis, have types similar to No. 
111. 

The Republic of the United States of Brazil (Republica dos Estados 
Unidos do Brazil).— 136. AR. Milreis, 1889. Obv. Draped bust of 
Liberty wearing liberty cap; below, 1889. Rev. Arms of Brazil ; 
below, 1,000 REIS. 

137. AR. Milreis, 1891. Similar to No. 136, but head of Liberty 
laureate. 

Special coinage in commemoration of the 400th anniversary of the 
discovery of Brazil in 1500.— AR. 4 Milreis, 1900. Obv. 4° CEN- 
TENARIO DO DESCOBRIMENTO DO BRASIL; full length 
figure of Pedro Alvares Cabral, the discoverer of Brazil. Rev. 
Arms of Portugal and of Brazil. In the same series, 2 milreis, 1 
milreis, and 400 reis. 

145. Nic. 200 Reis, 1889. National arms.— 200 REIS in sable 
field. 

146. Nic. 400 Reis, 1901. Draped bust of Liberty. — National 



THE WEST INDIES. 

HAYTI. 

[Section 23, lower case.] 
This island became independent of France in 1804, and at once fell into three self- 
governing communities. In the northwest was established a republic which the first 
President, Henri Christophe, erected into a nominal kingdom in 1812; in the south- 
west the Mulatto Republic was established, with Alexander Pethion as President; 
while in the eastern part of the island was the Dominican Republic. From 1822 to 
1843 the entire island was united under one government; being divided again on 
the latter date into the Republic of Hayti and the Dominican Republic, political 
divisions which still survive, though the former was nominally an empire from 
1849 to 1858, with the former president Faustin Solouque as emperor under the title 
of Faustin I. 

1. AR. Escalin, 1807, of Henri Christophe, President (1807-1814)- 
Obv. LIBERTAS RELIGIO MORES; a shield with H C (Henri 
Christophe) in monogram, within a wreath. Rev. MONNOIE- 
D 'HAYTI; Liberty standing facing and holding a Liberty Pole in 
right, and consular fasces in left, hand; at sides, 15-SOLS. 

6. AR. Gourde, 1812 (a pattern), of Christophe as King (1812- 
1820). Obv. HENRICUS DEI GRATIA HAITI REX; laureated 
bust of the King to right; below, ESSAY. Rev. DEUS CAUSA 
ATQUE GLADIUS; within a band inscribed EX CINERIBUS 
NASCITUR*, a shield azure charged with phoenix rising from 
flames; the whole crowned; below, 1812. 

The Mulatto Republic — Alexandre Pethion, President (1807-1818). 
13. AR. Gourdin, year XIV of Independence (1817). Obv. A. 
PETION— PRESIDENT; his bust to left; below, AN 14. Rev. 
REPUBLIQUE D'HAYTI; palm-tree surmounted by Liberty Cap 
before trophy of arms; below, *25*C*. 

Jean Pierre Boyer, President. — 14. AR. Gourdin, year XV (1818). 
Obv. J. P. BOYER— PRESIDENT; his bust to left; beneath, AN 
15. Rev. Similar to No. 3. 

United Hayti (1822-1843).— 20. AR. Gourdin, year 24 (1827). 
Similar to No. 3. 

The Republic of Hayti (After separation from San Domingo, 1843).— 
38. AE. 6 Centimes, year XLIII (1846). Consular fasces. — Value in 
wreath. 

The Empire of Hayti (1849-1858).— 42. AE. 6 Centimes, 1850, of 
Faustin I. Obv. FAUSTIN F* — EMPEREUR D'HAYTI; his 
crowned bust, draped, to left; below, 1850. Rev. LIBERTE 
INDEPENDANCE; crowned shield of arms with supporters; below, 
SIX CENTIMES UN QUART. 

The Republic Restored. — 43. AR. Double Decime, 1863. Obv. 
GEFFRARD PRESIDENT; head to left; below, 1863. Rev. 
REPUBLIQUE D'HAITI; arms of Hayti; below, VINGT CEN- 
TIMES. 

89862°— 13 7 (95) 



96 

Gen. Nord Alexis, President, 1902.— 56. Nic. 50 Centimes, 1907. 
Obv. REPUBLIQUE-D'HAITI; bust to left; below, 1907. Rev. 
Arms of Hayti. 

DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. 

1. AE. Cuartilla, undated. Necessity piece. Obv. Monogram, 
F 7 (Ferdinand VII), crowned. Rev. S. D. (=Santo Domingo) /1/4, 
within a laurel wreath. 

The pieces that follow are patterns. 

12. AR. 5 Francos, 1891. Obv. Head of Liberty to left with 
feather bonnet, on band of which is libertad; around, 1891. 
CINCO FRANCOS; below, tasset. Rev. REPUBLICA DOMIN- 
ICAN A; shield of arms within a wreath of palm and laurel branches 
joined by a riband inscribed dios-libertad-p atria; below, 
* GRAM. 25 * LEI. 900 * 

Franco and 1/2 Franco of same types. 

THE BRITISH POSSESSIONS. 

For but few of the British possessions in the West Indies have there been special 
coins struck in considerable amounts. On the other hand the makeshift currency 
which necessity compelled the islanders to provide for themselves is of the greatest 
interest. This currency consisted of a large variety of coun+ermarked coins of neigh- 
boring countries and countermarked pieces cut from Spanish- American silver coins, 
chiefly from the Peso. 

BAHAMA ISLANDS. 

1. AE. Halfpenny, 1806; pattern. Obv. GEORGIUS III. D. G. 
REX ; laureated bust to right ; below, 1806 . Rev. BAHAMA ; three 
ships and an island; exergue, EXPULSIS PIRATIS / RESTITUTA/ 
COMMERCIA. 

BARBADOES. 

3. AE. Penny, 1788. Obv. Crowned negro bust to left; below, 
I. SERVE. Rev. BARBADOES PENNY; a pineapple; beneath, 
1788. 

BERMUDA (FORMERLY SOMMER ISLANDS). 

5. AE. Shilling token, undated. Obv. * SOMMER * ISLANDS; 
wild boar standing to left; above, mark of value, XII. Rev. Three- 
masted ship sailing to right. 

Following are sixpence and twopence of similar types. These pieces 
are generally associated with American colonial coinages by Ameri- 
can numismatists. 

DOMINICA. 

8. AR. 2 bits, undated. Obv. Letter D, with star in the loop; 
cable pattern on border. Rev. Plain. Edge, Scalloped. 16 mm. 
Apparently cut from the center of a Spanish half peso. 

JAMAICA. 

10. AR. Necessity dollar. A Mexican peso of 1758 countermarked 
G. R. (Georgius Rex) on both sides. 



97 

11. Nic. Penny, 1871. Obv. VICTORIA QUEEN; coroneted 
bust of the Queen to left; below, 1870. Rev. JAMAICA * ONE 
PENNY. *; shield of arms, with crocodile above; beneath, on a scroll, 
INDUS-UTERQUE GO SERVIET-UNI. 

ST. LUCIA. 

23. AR. Necessity piece struck during the English occupation of 1810. 
Middle segment of a Mexican peso of 1798 countermarked S. LUCIA 
in a long incused depression. 

ST. CHRISTOPHER, OR ST. KITTS. 

25, AE. Necessity piece; a Cayenne (French Guiana) sou counter- 
marked S. K., incused. 

TOBAGO. 

26. AR. Necessity piece; a peseta of Charles III, City of Mexico 
mint, countermarked T incused. 

TORTOLA. 

31. AR. Necessity piece. Nearly half of a Spanish- American peso, 
struck at Lima, countermarked TORTOLA in deep incuse 
depression on obverse. 

THE FRENCH POSSESSIONS. 

In 1721 the French Government made its first successful effort to provide a suitable 
currency for its West Indian possessions and issued the copper sous designated gen- 
erally for the Colonies Francaises; which was followed in 1731 by a silver coinage 
bearing the legend Isles du vent, though destined for the same colonies. The cur- 
rency of Guadeloupe has at different times included considerable amounts of foreign 
coin so countermarked as to legalize them. 

1. AE. Sou, 1721. Obv. SIT NOMEN DOMINI BENEDICTUM; 
two L's in saltire, crowned. Rev. COLONIES / FRANCOISES / 
1721 / H. (mint of La Rochelle). 

3. AR. Livre, 1731, of Louis XV, A. D. 1715-1774. Obv. Lau- 
reated bust to right. Rev. ISLES/DU/VENT, the last word 
between tendrils of a lily; below, 1731. 

GUADELOUPE. 

8. AE. Double sou, 1767. Obv. COLONIES/FRANCOISES; 
two scepters in saltire, dividing L-XV. Rev. SIT NOMEN 
DOMINI BENEDICTUM; countermarked R F (Republique Fran- 
chise) within a wreath. 

9. AR. Necessity piece. A Mexican real of Philip V, from which 
has been cut a heart-shaped piece. 

13. Necessity piece of 8 escalins. Spanish peso struck at City of 
Mexico, from which octagonal piece of the value of an escalin has 
been cut. 

14. Necessity piece. United States one-cent piece, counter- 
marked on reverse with heart-shaped device. 



98 

DANISH POSSESSIONS. 

The Danish possessions in the West Indies consist of the islands of St. John, St. 
Thomas, and St. Croix. Special coinage for these islands dates from 1740. 

1. AR. 24 skillings, 1763, of Frederick V (A. D. 1746-1766). Obv. 
Royal monogram, crowned; around, D. G. DAN. NOR. VAN. GOT. 
REX. Rev. XXIIII SKILL. DANSKE AMERICANSK. M,; a 
ship sailing to right; beneath, 1763. 

4. AR. Double real, 1816, of Frederick VI (A. D. 1808-1839). 
Obv. Crowned shield of arms. Rev. XX/SKILLING/DANSK/ 
AMERICANSK/MYNT/1816/. Reeded edge. 

ST. THOMAS. 

16-18. Nic. 5, 3, and 1 cent tokens. Both sides, DELVALLE & 
CO. ST. THOMAS; in field, V c./MEXIC. 

SWEDISH POSSESSIONS. 

ST. BARTHOLOMY. 

1. AE. Necessity piece. Cayenne sou countermarked with a 
crowned D on reverse. 

SPANISH POSSESSIONS. 

CUBA. 

Havana.—!. AR. Toston, 1789. CAROLUS. IIH. DEI. GRA- 
TIA. Laureated bust to right; below, 1789. Rev. MIGUEL CI- 
RIACO ARANCO-HABANA. Three castles; beneath, two keys in 

a<a 1 tlTP 

Cuban Republic— A. AR. Souvenir peso, 1897. REPUBLICA 
DE CUBA. Crowned shield of arms in oak and laurel wreath; below, 
900***FINO. Rev. PATRIA Y LIBERTAD. Female head; below, 
SOUVENIR; in field, 18-97. 

PORTO RICO. 

5. AR. Peso, 1895, of Alfonso XIII. Youthful bust of king I. 
Rev. ISLA DE PUERTO RICO. Arms of Spain; beneath, 1 PESO= 
5P TAS . 



ORIENTAL COINS. 

(A) THE SASSANIDES. [Section 18.] 

Ardishir (Artaxerxes), a grandson of Sassas, led a successful revolt against Parthia 
in A. D. 226 and reestablished the Persian monarchy. In the following year the 
worship of Zoroaster was established and Christianity rooted out. This change of 
religions appears in the coin types. Obverse, portrait of the king with a high tiara; 
reverse, a fire altar and attendant priests. 

The Sassanian dynasty was expelled by followers of Mohammed in A. D. 652. 

(B) THE MOHAMMEDAN COUNTRIES. 

The successors of Mohammed, the caliphs of Damascus and Bagdad, soon extended 
their conquests eastward to the borders of India and China and westward to include 
Spain. The early coinage resembled the coins of the various conquered countries 
and consisted of a silver dirhem (drachma) similar to the Sassanian type, a gold dinar 
(denarius) of Byzantine and Spanish types, and bronze coins after the Byzantine 
types. But in A. D . 696 Caliph Abd-el-Melik, because the Koran forbids to represent 
any kind of living thing, ordered figures of all kinds to be removed from the coins; 
and thus there was left only inscriptions, which consisted of passages from the Koran, 
name of the city where the mint was located, the date of coinage, and later the name 
of the Caliph or Sultan in some countries, but never by the successors of Abd-el-Melik 
at Damascus. This reform was followed by all the Mohammedan countries. The 
inscriptions on the coins are engraved in Curie or early Arabian characters, highly 
conventionalized and adapted with much success to the purposes of a coin type. 
The dates are according to the Islam era of the Flight, A. H. (anno hegirae) about 
A. D.622. 

(a) AMAWEE CALIPHS OF DAMASCUS. 

1. AR. Dirhem, of El Walid I (A. H. 86-96=A. D. 705-715). 

(6) ABBASEE CALIPHS OP BAGDAD. 

AR. Dirhem, of Haroun al Raschid (A. H. 170-193= A. D. 786-809). 
Obv. " There is no God but Allah; he is one; he has no companion." 
Rev. " Mohammed is the messenger of God." 

(c) THE WESTERN CALIPHS OP EGYPT AND SPAIN. 
(d) THE TURKOMAN HOUSES OF MESOPOTAMIA. 

The more important of these houses were the Seljukecs of Er-Room and the Urlu- 
kees of Marideen. In the 12th and 13th centuries large bronze coins were issued by 
these countries bearing various figure-types, the teaching of the Koran being thus 
set aside in favor of commerce with the western peoples, a commerce that had been 
enormously increased by the crusades. The figures on these coinages are generally 
in imitation of the Byzantine types and even include such christian types as the one 
of the Virgin Mary crowning the emperor. Of special interest is the Dirhem of Kay- 
Khusroo with the lion surmounted by the sun, the sun in leo, which was the horo- 
scope of his Georgian wife, whose portrait he wanted to place on his coins, but dared 
not. 

(99) 



100 

(e) TURKEY. 

The coinage of the Othmanli Sultans of Turkey follows closely that of the earlier 
Caliphs, in so far as types are concerned. Commercial relations with Europe, how- 
ever, caused important changes of standard and the introduction of larger denomina- 
tions than the Dinar and Dirhem. Beginning with Prince Suleyman, A. D. 1400, 
the intricate monogram or toughra of the sultan is found on the coins. This elabo- 
rate figure is simply the name of the sultan and his father and sometimes an addi- 
tional title, as Kahn Abdul Aziz, son of Murad, the ever Victorious. 

(/) THE LATIN ORIENT. 

(Crusaders.) 

The conquests of the Crusaders in the Orient were promptly followed by the insti- 
tution of coinages in the various principalities. At Edessa, Antioch, and in the 
kingdoms of Jerusalem and Cyprus, coins were issued soon after the successes of the 
first crusade; and also in about a score of other small governments established by 
later crusades in Africa, Greece, and the islands. Some of the coins are similar to 
what the crusaders had known in the Occident, while other issues imitate the Byzan- 
tine and Arabian coins. 

(g) MOHAMMEDAN INDIA. 

In the 11th century Islamism made its way into India with the Ghaznavis and in 
that country arose the empires of the Sultans of Delhi, established by the followers 
of Ghingis Khan. 

(C) SOUTHERN INDIA AND BRITISH INDIA. 

The native princes of India, especially in the southern portion, struck their own 
coins with a variety of types. This native Hindu coinage was based on a system 
with a gold unit called a Hun (native) or Pagoda (European); while the silver Rupee 
was the unit of the Mussulman system. Both systems prevailed in different parts 
of India until comparatively recent times. The coinage of the East India Company 
followed very closely that of the native princes. The company coined at mints in 
the Presidencies of Bengal, Bombay, and Madras. Coincident with the death of 
the last Mogul emperor of Delhi in 1862, they had been emperors only in name since 
1748, the government of India passed from the East India Company to a Council of 
State, and in 1877 the Queen of England was proclaimed Empress of India, and an 
imperial coinage established. 

CHINA. 

The earliest metallic currency of China was in the form of utensils— spades and 
forks, known as pu-coins, and especially knives or razors. The native historians 
place the origin of these pu-coins at about B . C. 3000, which is probably about 2000 
years too early, the inscribed pieces being as late as 700 B. C. or later. For 
over two thousand years, and until a very few years ago, the cash was produced 
by casting. They are now struck. For centuries China used the precious metals 
only in the form of bars, especially the ship or shoe shaped bars. (See lower case.) 
For over a century Spanish and Mexican silver dollars have served Chinese commerce 
and trade; and now some of the provinces are coining silver. (See lower case.) 

The legends on the cash are, for obverse, the designation of the period of the reign 
(also used as the title of the emperor) and designation of the coin, as: Kuang Hsu 
Tung Pao, " Exchange Value (i. e., currency) of the Kuang Hsu period"; and on 
reverse, name of the mint or any special authority that issued the coin. 

1-10. Pu coins, in forms of "bridge," "spade," or "shirt;" and 
the "knife" or "razor cash." 

26. Cash of Kao Tsu (A. D. 618-627). The crescent on this piece 
is said to have had an origin that is typically Chinese. Wax models 



101 

were submitted for the inspection of the Empress Wentek, A. D. 
620. She had the well-known long finger nails, and in handling the 
wax pieces left the crescent-shaped impression of the nail in the 
soft wax. Satisfied with the work of the artist, she returned the 
models to her ministers with the orders to make the coins exactly- 
according to the models. The order was obeyed, and even the nail 
impressions were reproduced in the coins. The crescent is found 
on many later issues. 

393ff. Coins used as amulets. — Large amulet coins have been 
frequently issued in China. 

Countermarhed coins. — Coins of western nations, stamped with the 
device of merchants, have had large currency in China. 

Coinage of the Provinces. — Some of the Provinces, as Kwang Tung 
and Szechuen, now coin silver. 

Indo-China. — French possession. 1. Piastre de Commerce, or 
" Trade Dollar." France seated. Rev.: Value. See " Trade Dol- 
lar under Japan, and note thereto. 

SIAM. 

Cowrie shells.- — These shells have long been employed as currency 
in the Orient, and are still in use. 

11 Bullet Money." — Simply short bars with ends crushed together 
and thus forming almost a ball, bearing several stamps. 

JAPAN. 

The coinage of Japan dates from the eighth century, when the copper Sen, a close 
imitation of the Chinese cash, was issued. The much later gold and silver coins are 
oblong and oval in shape. In 1871 a new gold and silver coinage on western models 
was instituted. 

Oban, of Emperor Ninko (1817-46). The large oval piece. The 
smaller oval gold pieces are Kobans. 

46. AR. Trade dollar, 1877. Dragon; 420 GRAINS TRADE DOL- 
LAR. 900 FINE. Rev.: Value in wreath. Japan, France, and the 
United States have struck "Trade Dollars" for circulation in the 
Orient in competition with the Mexican dollar, but without success. 

KOREA (CHOSEN). 

The early money of Korea, like Japan's, was modeled after that of China. A native 
effort is seen in the Mace and Two-mace piece with enamel centers, a form soon aban- 
doned because the enamel was not durable. No coins have been struck like the 
large patterns in the case. 

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS. 

The Spanish coinage for these islands was followed in 1903 by the special coinage 
under control of the United States of America. 



MEDALS. 

[Inside the circular case, and the wall cases.] 
Commemorative coins were frequently issued in antiquity, but a medallic piece 
without monetary usefulness and solely for commemorative purposes, in other words 
the commemorative medal, originated in Italy in the first part of the fifteenth cen- 
tury. The first efforts followed closely the style of Roman coins, but Antonio Pisano, 
or Pisanello, broke away from the models and the spirit of the antique coins and in 
a fresh, new style produced medals that won general admiration and secured for that 
branch of art an enormous popularity. During the sixteenth century the medal 
sank to a mean thing artistically and for the most part was employed to commemo- 
rate petty and trifling events; and only in recent years has it risen again to be a work 
of art, though with a different technique and spirit. The last two decades have 
produced some of the finest works since Pisanello' s last medal. 

1. ITALIAN. [Sections 27 and 28.] 

Galvano types of now rare medals of Pisanello and of Mateo di 
Pasti. Of the large and interesting series of papal medals all are 
authentic except the first three, which are of popes who antedate 
the invention of the medal. 

2. FRENCH. ([Sections 29 and 30.] 

The long series of French medals is particularly important for 
both artistic and historical reasons; and France has led in the recent 
revival of medallic art. Specially interesting are the medals of 
Napoleon, particularly those by Andrieu; three medals of Gambetta 
by Roty, vernier, and Chaplain, respectively; the series of the 
Presidents by Chaplain; the funeral of Carnot by Vernon; the Orpheus 
and Agriculture by Coudray; and the copy of the gold medal by 
Bottee given to the city of San Francisco by France. 

3. SPANISH, DUTCH, ETC. [Section 31.] 

Of historical interest are the medals of Admiral Van Tromp; of 
the treaty of Breda, by which New Amsterdam was ceded to Great 
Britain; the three Dutch medals relating to United States of 
America — (1) Recognition of U. S. by States General, 1782, (2) Recog- 
nition of same by Friesland, (3) Commercial treaty between Netherlands 
and U. S. The medals of John Calvin and of Jenny Lind. By the 
new artists, 400th anniversary of discovery of America, by Maura; by 
the gifted Dutch medallist, Devreese, Henri Bayert, Ernest Babelon, 
and " The origin of design." 

4. GERMAN. [Section 32.] 

Chiefly historical, including the gold medal relating to the peace 
of Westphalia; yet a number of contemporary artists are repre- 
sented as Schiller by Ghrist, Bismarck and Von Moltke by Goetz. 

(102) 



103 

5. RUSSIAN. [Section 33.] 

A splendid series of historical, award, and personal medals, includ- 
ing a number of the best medals of Catherine II by Gass and also 
that artist's Peter the Great memorial. The war medals pertain 
chiefly to the wars between Russia and Turkey; among the personal 
medals Sheneman's Canchrin is noteworthy. 

6. ENGLISH. [Section 34.] 

The English medals in this section are chiefly of historical interest, 
though the Waterloo medal by Pistrucci, the medal of the Royal 
Geographical Society to Henry M. Stanley by Miss Elinor Halle, 
and Bowchefs splendid medal of Christian IX and Queen, of Den- 
mark, are of superior work. Of interest to Americans is the medal 
in honor of Washington inspired by D. Eccleston, of Lancaster, 
England. 

7. MISCELLANEOUS EUROPEAN AND JAPANESE. 

[Section 35.] 
Upper case. — The medals in this case are masterpieces by con- 
temporary artists, chiefly of distinguished persons. Portions of the 
exhibition are changed from time to time. Lower case, (Japanese). — 
Chiefly award medals, but the three pertaining to the late emperor 
Mutsuhito, to the empress, and to the marriage of the crown prince 
(present emperor, Dec, 1912), are fine specimens of Japanese work. 

8. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. [Sections 36-40.] 

The medals of the United^ States are classified into : 

(a) Historical medals (section 10). — The majority of the medals 
belonging under this head will be found in the cases on the north 
wall. In this section are: Dupre's American Independence with bust 
of Liberty with unrestrained hair; Paquet's General Meade; Mtiller's 
Robert Anderson, the defender of Fort Sumter, and Brenner's 
John Paul Jones. In the wall cases medals of special historical 
interest are: Du Vivier's Washington, for retaking of Boston; Fiirst's 
Perry, for victory on Lake Erie; Antrobus and Paquet's medal of 
Gen. Grant, and Barber's Orville and Wilbur Wright, for Successful 
Navigation of the air. 

(b) Medals pertaining to centennial celebrations. — Of the Indepen- 
dence of the United States, by Wm. Barber; of the Inauguration of 
Washington as President, 1889, by Saint-Gaudens; the Ter-centennial 
of Settlement at Jamestown, 1907; the 250th anniversary of the settle- 
ment of the Jews in America, 1905, by Konti. 

(c) Medals pertaining to expositions. 

(d) Award medals. — Including the Carnegie Hero Fund medal, by 
Osborne; the Panama Canal medal, by Brenner; gold medal of the 
San Francisco Vigilance Committee, 1856; medals of The National 
Academy of Sciences, and of The Smithsonian Institution, by Chaplain. 

(e) Personal medals. — Medals of persons distinguished in various 
pursuits, as Pvev. H. W. Beecher, J. Fennimore Cooper, Edwin 



104 

Forrest, Franklin, Hay, C. P. Huntington, Irving, Jefferson, La- 
fayette, Lincoln, Dr. Benjamin Rush, Schurz, and Webster. 

Washington medals. — Section 14, upper and lower cases, is devoted 
entirely to medals of Washington. They are almost solely of his- 
torical value, hardly any of them showing artistic excellence. The 
portrait on many of them, though signed by various engravers, is in 
reality a copy of the Du Vivier portrait on the medal awarded for 
the Retaking of Boston, No. 1. 

WALL CASES. 

North wall. — Both cases contain specimens of -medals produced 
at the mint and offered for sale. They include medals of the presi- 
dents, of numerous Army and Navy officers, of civilians who have 
been thus honored by Congress, and numerous historical medals. 

East wall. — Bronze copies of original models for medals. The 
reduced finished medals will be found elsewhere in the cabinet. 

South wall. — Paper currency. To right, specimens of various 
issues of paper currency in our own country, including issues by the 
various colonies, by the Continental Congress, unredeemed bills 
of defunct State banks, postage and fractional currency issued 
during and after the Civil War, and clearing-house certificates. To 
left, currency of the Confederate States of America and of various 
foreign countries. 

West wall. — To left, medals by the late Mr. Saint-Gaudens and others; 
the Franklin medal and large bronze model of first study for obverse 
of same; obverse of World's Fair (Chicago) Award Medal, and study 
for a reverse of same. To right, original models of last issue of gold 
coins, eagle and double eagle by Mr. Saint-Gaudens, half eagle and 
quarter eagle by Mr. B. L. Pratt. 

WALL PAINTINGS. 

The series of four wall paintings about the large windows are by 
Mr. William Van Ingen, of New York. The work is pure encaustic 
and one of the few specimens of the process in this country. The 
subjects are: South wall, A mountain, the usual scene of gold mining; 
north wall, Placer mining; east wall, Hydraulic mining; west wall, 
Quartz mill. 



APPENDIX. 

Weight and composition of United States coins. 





Tolerance. 1 


Standard 
weight 

(grains). 






Weight 
(grains). 


Fine- 
ness. 


516.00 


0.50 


0.001 


258.00 
129.00 
64.50 


.50 
.25 
.25 


.001 
.001 
.001 


412. 50 


1.50 


.003 


192.90 
96.45 
38.58 


1.50 
1.50 
1.50 


.003 
.003 
.003 


77.16 
48.00 


2.00 
4.00 









Composition. 



Gold: 

Double eagle. . 

Eagle 

Half eagle 

Quarter eagle. 
Silver: 

Dollars 

Half dollar.... 
Quarter dollar 

Dime 

Minor: 

5 cents 

1 cent 



900 parts gold, 100 parts cop- 
per. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

900 parts silver, 100 parts cop- 
per. 
Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

75 per cent copper, 25 per cent 

nickel. 
95 per cent copper, 5 per cent 

tin and zinc. 



i This " tolerance" is the variation from standard allowed upon new coins. Gold 
coins, if reduced in weight by natural abrasion not more than one-half of 1 per cent 
after 20 years, or a ratable proportion for a less period, will be redeemed by the Treas- 
ury at par. 

2 No longer issued. 

MONETARY UNITS OF PRINCIPAL COUNTRIES. 



The monetary systems of nearly all countries now have a fixed 
relation to each other through their own fixed relation to the grain 
of gold. The unit of each gold-standard system, its fine gold con- 
tents in grains, and its value in money of the United States are 
given on the next page. 

(105) 



106 



Country. 


Name of unit. 


Grains of 
fine gold. 


Value in 
United 

States 
money. 


Argentine Republic 


Peso 


22. 4010 

4. 7048 

4.4802 

9.0401 

12. 6861 

113.0016 

23. 2200 

23. 2200 

10. 8054 

23.2200 


SO. 9647 
2026 


Austria Hungary 


Crown 


Belgium 


Franc. 


.1929 
3893 


Bolivia 


Boliviano. . 


Brazil 


Milreis 


5463 


British Colonies in Australia and Africa. . . 
British Honduras 


Pound sterling 

Dollar. . 


4.8665 
1 0000 


Canada 


Dollar 


1. 0000 


Costa Rica 


Colon . . . 


. 4653 


Colombia 


Dollar... 


1 0000 


Cuba i 






Denmark 


Crown 


6. 2224 
11. 2999 

114. 7755 
4. 4802 
4. 4802 
5.5311 

113. 0016 
4. 4802 


.2679 


Ecuador 


Sucre 


.4866 


Egypt 


Pound 


4 9429 


Finland 


Markkaa . 


1929 


France 


Franc. . 


.1929 


Germany 


Mark 


.2381 


Great Britain 


Pound sterling 

Drachma 


4.8665 


Greece 


.1929 




Rupee 2 


.3244 


Italy 


Lira 


4. 4802 

11.5740 

11.5740 

9. 3332 

6. 2224 

23. 2200 

113. 0016 

23. 2200 

27. 8779 

4.4805 

11. 9479 

23. 2200 

4. 4802 

8. 6110 

4. 4802 

4. 4802 
102. 0859 
23. 2200 
24. 0143 

4.4802 


.1929 




Yen.... 


.4984 


Mexico 


Peso 


.4984 




Florin 


.4019 


Norway 


Crown 


.2679 


Panama 


Balboa. 


1. 0000 


Peru 


Libra . . 


4.8665 


Philippine Islands 


Peso . . . 


1.0000 


Portugal 


Escudo 


1.0805 


Roumania 


Leu 


.1929 


Russia 


Ruble 


.5145 




Dollar 


1.0000 


Servia 


Dinar. 


.1929 




Tical. . 


.3708 


Spain 


Peseta . . . 


.1929 








Switzerland 


Franc. . . 


.1929 


Turkey 


Lira 


4.3966 


United States 


Dollar 


1.0000 




Peso . 


1.0342 


Venezuela 


Bolivar. . , 


.1929 









1 United States money is official currency. 

2 The rupee is a silver coin, current at 15 to the sovereign, or pound sterling. 



O 



